produce cliff profiles and micro features such as caves and arches. Bays are more sheltered with constructive waves which deposit sediment to. However, in reality, it is unlikely that sediment cells are completely closed, with variations in wind direction and tidal flows. Split the line into sections where the slope angle changes. Waves tend to break earlier before they can erode the base of the cliff. What is the impact of humans on the temperate deciduous woodland? The degree of the tidal range will likewise impact the paces of erosion found at precipices. You should really enable it for this site but most things should work without it. Compared to cliffs with seaward dipping bedding planes, it is relatively steep and stable. The rapid removal of debris by high energy waves prevents the build up of material at the base,. The composition of rock determines the differential rates of erosion, as seen in Swanage, along the Dorset coast. What are Mumbais social and economic opportunities? How has hot desert vegetation adapted to the climate? Lithology refers to the physical properties of a rock such as its resistance to erosion. Faults, joints, fissures and folded rocks, Major fractures in rocks produced by tectonic forces and involve displacement of rocks on either side of the fault line, Small scale coastal features such as caves and wave-cut notches which form part of a cliff profile. Chalk surrounds the boulder clay. The dip of rock strata in relation to the coastline. If the rocks occur in layers, the dip of the rock also helps control steepness and form. In these cases, the bedding planes are tilted away, causing a gravitational pull on the rock. This can alter the arrangement of layers in cliff shapes. Vertical or near-vertical profile with notches reflecting strata that are more easily eroded. What factors influence the effects and response to tectonic activity? As soft rock, such as glacial till, is more susceptible to erosion it erodes more rapidly than more resistant rock such as chalk. with limestone. Geography Revision. Erosion rates will be slowed as deeper layers of rock support the cliff. Certain landforms further reduce waves erosive power. Two Earthquakes Compared Nepal and LAquila, Lombok Indonesia Earthquake 2018 Case Study, 2018 Sulawesi Indonesia Earthquake and Tsunami Case Study. This happens as waves store salt crystals in cracks and after some time the salt-like ice applies strain to the cracks. Cliff profiles are influenced by geology, especially the resistance (to erosion) of the rock, and the dip of rock strata in relation to the coastline. A-level Chemistry What controls the location of micro-features found within cliffs? The three main marine processes that influence coastlines are erosion, transportation, and deposition. There is a range of landforms of erosion found along the coast. What is the location and importance of Mumbai? A Tectonic 4 High energy coasts Waves are powerful (for a significant part of the year) The rate of erosion exceeds the rate of deposition 4 Rock falls are a very sudden type of mass movement. A@ Coastal environments are complex systems that involve the interaction of various factors, including the marine environment, natural environment, climate, biosphere, fluvial frameworks, structural processes, and human development and management. Create your own unique website with customizable templates. Coastal Environments CPD Erosional Landforms, Coastal Management and Fieldwork on the Holderness Coast, Coastal Environments CPD Erosional Erosion, Coastal Management, Deposition and Fieldwork on the Holderness Coast, Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), Click to share on Pinterest (Opens in new window), Click to email a link to a friend (Opens in new window), Click to share on WhatsApp (Opens in new window), Internet Geography Plus Terms and Conditions. The fetch of a wave is the distance a wave travels in open water from its origin to the point where it breaks. Saturation promotes mass movement through lubrication and by adding weight. Economic activities in glaciated upland areas, Glaciation Photo gallery Goat Fell, Isle of Arran. This process can be found in the chart below. For example, this could be a joint in chalk. The process is illustrated in the diagram below. What are the physical characteristics of cold environments? Human and physical factors causing river flooding. Y>SZ 3475A[k'UViv=3VGa,+g3?gf+,w{1Jrl|:Q@3^JmQa3;x9Ik&kr'\pS7uO)&;ZNWuIts|Kb9}WOdtpE{zBf`^qulCa6Wm &L5-;=i`6` )r]tt$xOZh{S2U6. Marine processes disintegrate and undermine the base of the precipice. It is arguable that corrosion is a form of weathering rather than erosion as it only breaks down material. The shape of the cliff plays a major role in determining the rate of erosion. Brainscape helps you realize your greatest personal and professional ambitions through strong habits and hyper-efficient studying. Edexcel A Level Geography What is the Demographic Transition Model? Almera in Spain: a large-scale agricultural development, Sustainable Food Supplies in an LIC Bangladesh. Temperate regions tend to have the steepest cliffs. Castleton A tourist honey pot in The Peak District, Case Study Inner City Redevelopment Londons Docklands. The weight of the saturated clay causes the material to slump along the slip plane. Why are deserts located along the tropics? It tends to be separated into mechanical and chemical weathering. Wave action and weathering create a notch at the high water mark. The Holderness Coastline is one of Europe's fastest eroding at an average annual rate of around 2 metres per year. Erosional features such as wave-cut platforms and cliffs can be found on headlands, since they are more open to the waves. _}qK>_*uz/]jO+NAU}r On a discordant coastline, alternating layers of hard and soft rock are perpendicular to the coast. What factors influence cliff profiles and rates of erosion? For example: cliffs which have impermeable rock overlying permeable rocks limit percolation and therefore are more stable, preventing mass movement. Constructive waves have low wave height and high frequency with low frequency, between 6 and 8 waves per minute. Additionally, precipitation that permeates through the slope can create a slip plane when it reaches an impermeable layer of material such as clay. ;mmM[~yS4iVFmU7V[GKxs?/[2Fzl;]m.rUZ[oE8XeS mGCfg;%'I.keutcjcK8s-9cVbbgar5^Z}dUb6FCYwzJi56"tG~Qj%%'(&RZM!>&;i6";L cyDp>{wE&DOa7kCk36ldMi$g=Z}V&Mqbf["8/OEw8b+j3L=~reV\[:Kmc2q>OMl1^K +GBxD; IN]S~D?{.Ro The angle the beds dip at affects how they are eroded and the profile of the resulting cliffs. A cliff with seaward dipping bedding planes. CIE A Level Geography Folded rocks: Often heavily fissured and jointed, meaning they are more easily eroded. GCSE CCEA Coastal landforms Coastal landforms can be either erosional or depositional. Clays, mudstones, and most igneous and metamorphic rocks are impermeable. The angle these bands make with the coastline makes it either a concordant or discordant coastline. There are four key types of erosion: Abrasion - waves transport material which hit the cliff and gradually wear it away . boulder clay). Concordant coastlines tend to have fewer bays and headlands. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. qcq%wFn+=#+ 0uEOr*cy_5{Lx_v @ @Me[k:]'fhk OCR A Level GeographyPast Papers Saltation: The material bounces along the ocean floor, such as small pieces of shingle or large sand grains. Whereas, cliffs composed of weaker rock strength experience cliff retreat more rapidly. The y-axis is often exaggerated on a beach profile. Melting of ice sheets + caps meant wave energy actions occur higher up the shore and cliff and beach profiles adjust as a result. These are determined by geology, rates of erosion and beach profile. Large seas with large fetch produce large waves, known as destructive waves. 5 Salt crystals can penetrate the exposed rock face. The ice applies pressure and breaks the stone. How is demand for energy changing in the UK? mv"$9ezZ6Fm2f\M Usually, concordant coastlines have the same type of rock along its length. Processes of coastal erosion and weathering are responsible for shaping cliffs. Less resistant (soft) rock erodes quickly, forming gentle sloping cliffs. An idealised horizontally bedded cliff. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. Abrasion: Pieces of rock and sand in waves are thrown against the cliff face. A wave-cut notch is created by erosional processes such as hydraulic action and. Weathering also plays a role in the rate of erosion by creating weaknesses in rocks that are exploited by the processes of erosion. As well as this rock structure plays an important role in variation between cliff profiles: Many cliffs are composed of more than one rock type - these are known as COMPOSITE CLIFFS. I believe the definition in the Oxford Dictionary of Earth Sciences is referring to carbonation from rain water., Dredging can have devastating consequences for coastal towns because of the increased erosion. they have a convex profile (convex = curved like the interior of a circle), because sub-aerial processes (weathering, mass movement and surface run-off erosion) slowly move sediment downslope, but marine erosion is unable to remove it from base, produced where there is little active marine erosion. The boundaries of sediment cells are determined by the geography and state of the coastline. Where are the areas of water deficit and surplus in the UK? It is inevitable that some sediment is moved between cells. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". ]X^`T\lq\v7bf_l*Fk?]>1-qne Uw[L6n h]NP?cSc78]-[YH477@=N1l}#6Gww|[ Discordant coastlines form where geology alternates between bands of hard and soft rock (see image below). "Coastal Systems and Processes". The sea attacks a weakness in the base of the cliff. OCR A Level Geography, AQA A Level Geography Past Papers This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. How have plants adapted to cold environments? 3.1B Transport Technology and Globalisation, 3.2 Political and Economic Decision Making, 7C Economic Development and Environmental Impact, 8B Controlling the Spread of Globlisation, 4A.1B Economic Activity and Social Factors, 4A.1A Changing Function and Characteristics, 4A.6 Evaluating the need for Regeneration, 6C Representation and Need for Regeneration, 10A Measuring the Success of Regeneration, 12A Restructuring and Contested Decisions, 7.5 Superpowers and International Decision Making, 7.6 Superpowers and the Physical Environment, 7.6C Middle-Class Consumption on Emerging Powers, 7.8A Emerging Powers and the Developing World, 8.2 Variations in Health and Life Expectancy, 8.3A The relationship between economic and social development, 8.5A Human Rights Vs Economic Development, 8.8 the Positive and Negative of Development, 2B.2C Geological Structure and Cliff Profiles, 2B.3B Rock Strata and Complex Cliff Profiles, 4C Coastal Landscapes Produced by Erosion, 8C Temporal Variations in Coastal Recession, 9A Local Factors that Increase Coastal Flood Risk, A - Economic and Social Losses from Recession, 2B: 12 Integrated Coastal Zone Management, 1B Importance and Size of Stores and Fluxes, 5.4 Deficits within the Hydrological Cycle, 5.8 Consequences and Risks of Water Insecurity, 8A - Causes and Pattern of Physical and Economic Scarcity, 5.9C Integrated Drainage Basin Management, 6.1C - Geological Processes Releasing Carbon, 6.2 Biological Processes Sequestering Carbon, 6.3 Human Activity Altering the Carbon Cycle, 6.6C Radical Technologies to Reduce Carbon Emissions, 6.7 Human Activity Threatening the Carbon and Water Cycles. Joints Joints are fractures in rocks created without displacement. It does not store any personal data. This creates acove, a circular area of water with a relatively narrow entrance from the sea. The image below shows a wave-cut platform formed at Flamborough, Holderness Coast. With the beach gone, a storm during a high tide breached the coastal defences and destroyed the village., In this arrangement, differential erosion will take place where weaknesses from weathering have formed., Site design and development by Alex Jackson. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); Cliffs and wave-cut platforms are landforms of erosion commonly found along the coast. 3.1B Transport Technology and Globalisation, 3.2 Political and Economic Decision Making, 7C Economic Development and Environmental Impact, 8B Controlling the Spread of Globlisation, 4A.1B Economic Activity and Social Factors, 4A.1A Changing Function and Characteristics, 4A.6 Evaluating the need for Regeneration, 6C Representation and Need for Regeneration, 10A Measuring the Success of Regeneration, 12A Restructuring and Contested Decisions, 7.5 Superpowers and International Decision Making, 7.6 Superpowers and the Physical Environment, 7.6C Middle-Class Consumption on Emerging Powers, 7.8A Emerging Powers and the Developing World, 8.2 Variations in Health and Life Expectancy, 8.3A The relationship between economic and social development, 8.5A Human Rights Vs Economic Development, 8.8 the Positive and Negative of Development, 2B.2C Geological Structure and Cliff Profiles, 2B.3B Rock Strata and Complex Cliff Profiles, 4C Coastal Landscapes Produced by Erosion, 8C Temporal Variations in Coastal Recession, 9A Local Factors that Increase Coastal Flood Risk, A - Economic and Social Losses from Recession, 2B: 12 Integrated Coastal Zone Management, 1B Importance and Size of Stores and Fluxes, 5.4 Deficits within the Hydrological Cycle, 5.8 Consequences and Risks of Water Insecurity, 8A - Causes and Pattern of Physical and Economic Scarcity, 5.9C Integrated Drainage Basin Management, 6.1C - Geological Processes Releasing Carbon, 6.2 Biological Processes Sequestering Carbon, 6.3 Human Activity Altering the Carbon Cycle, 6.6C Radical Technologies to Reduce Carbon Emissions, 6.7 Human Activity Threatening the Carbon and Water Cycles. What is the site and situation of a settlement? What is the impact of humans on the desert? Both rock type and structure can have a significant impact on coastal landforms. Edexcel A Level Geography Past Papers What is the structure of the Temperate Deciduous Woodland? What is a dip? Cracks are regularly formed in more resistant rock that forms headlands. The counterargument is that the water the material is dissolved into moves, removing the material. For example: If less resistant, weak rock is at the base of the cliff, undercutting and collapse may occur. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. As always, humans have an impact on coastal erosion. The job of weathering is to debilitate precipicesthis debilitating hastens the pace of erosion. The image below shows this. k|CN2[>u6/9v}^}_iq>D\"q|}&~=:7";Zn>v6GvAtl|XHAeMcb9) @s"&H:X07]M3=Mi How to conserve biodiversity in daily life? They generally differ in their angle of slope because of their rock structure and geology, but the processes involved in their formation are the same. Hard rocks (e.g., Gabbro) are resistant to weathering & erosion so a coastline made of granite (e.g., Lands End) will change slowly. Define cliff profiles A the shape of a cliff cross-section is known as the profile they owe their form to geology, sub-aerial processes and wave energy along a given stretch of coastline 2 Q What do variations in cliff profiles reflect? Headlands refract waves around them, reducing their erosive power at one location while increasing it at another. Accessed 1 May, 2023. -Cliff features mainly form from the erosion at the foot of a cliff, with waves weakening the cliff structure leading to features to form such as wave cut notches which then as waves continue to exert force against the cliff can then develop into a cave before then forming the arch, stack, stump sequence. Sandy beaches, shingle beaches and spits are examples of depositional landforms. A cliff is a vertical, near vertical or sloping wall of rock or sediment that borders the sea. These processes operate on the cliff face to weaken it and provide material for coastal erosion. How does food insecurity affect the environment? cliff profiles are a consequence of wave attack, subaerial processes and the nature of the material wave action undercuts cliffs through abrasion and hydraulic action softer and more jointed rocks will erode more rapidly because of lower levels of physical strength and cohesion and smaller surface areas A cliff profile is the height and angle is a cliff face, plus it's features such as wave cut notches and changes in slope angle. Confined storms with high wind speeds form destructive waves and steep depth gradients around headlands. Sedimentary rocks form as layers of deposited sediment, either on the beds of ancient oceans or rivers. This all takes place within a small segment of the land/ocean interface known as . Sustainable Management of the Tropical Rainforest, Sustainable Management of the Amazon Rainforest. The added weight of the saturated material, combined with the destabilization of the base, causes the slope to slump or rotate downward. Jamaica Case Study, How can the growth of tourism reduce the development gap? The basic formation of a sea cliff is the same everywhere. The video below shows a geo at North Landing, Flamborough. Where do volcanoes and earthquakes happen? Where are Temperate Deciduous Woodlands Located? Over time cliffs retreat due to a combination of sub-aerial weathering and coastal erosion. Use the images below to explore related GeoTopics. Bedding planes layers of sediment that represent surfaces of exposure that occurred between depositional events. The biggest factor affecting coastal erosion is the strength of the waves breaking along the coastline. Water quality and pollution management in the UK. Whereas, cliffs in which permeable rock overlies impermeable rock, water may soak into the cliff, making slope failure more likely as water builds up between the junction of the two rocks. Pore water pressure in the saturated layer pushes rock particles apart. Check out Adapt the A-level & GCSE revision timetable app. Edexcel GCSE Geography iay`m}! joints and bedding planes. However, due to tectonic activity, rock can be uplifted and folded. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. Coastlines erode at different rates due to geology, destructive or constructive waves amongst many other causes. Joints occur in most rocks, often in regular patterns, dividing rock strata up into blocks with a regular shape. This is because the waves have further to travel in very shallow water as the platform grows. Rainwater infiltrates the cliff through unconsolidated, porous material (e.g. The outer hard rock (for example,granite) provides a protective barrier to erosion of the softer rocks (for example,clays) further inland. The Holderness Coast is located on the east coast of England. Erosion refers to the breaking down of land by the power of waves. A crack formed in the chalk cliffs at Flamborough. The coast is the narrow zone between the land and the sea. Find out about the process of longshore drift. Landforms created by erosion. Weak tidal flows and a small tidal range will decide the shape and degree of stream deltas just as the size of seashore profiles. Concordant (rock type runs parallel to the sea). w=nRTlnV2nbV1nb+an2(V11V21). Discordant coastline Source www.bbc.co.uk. Play Need revision notes and resources for other subjects? This expels the base of the cliff. Rotational slump is a type of mass movement that occurs in coastal environments. Limestone Case Study Malham, The Yorkshire Dales. Additionally, severe joints created by weathering can increase the rate of erosion. Now and again, along concordant coasts, they occur when a much-jointed area of a precipice, for example, experiences a line of weakness or fault due to exposure. This is a much stronger rock but has eroded along fault lines and bedding planes forming structures like cliffs, caves, arches and stacks. ,)u/u0g=.1 R/det:2H)cA1~a{RV~i.K&olQm {Y8B'AaxLx`S%yF%Vviee97!=2wO#6OvQvgP2(P>t*fBWCR Mass movement- rotational slide 1993 landslide- 1million tonnes of cliff failed cutting the 60m high cliff back by 70m Created semicircular promontory 200m wide Causes: 140mm rainfall in the 2 months previously, pore water pressure build up, poor drainage and the Steep cliffs are formed where the land consists of hard, more resistant, rocks, their height obviously being determined by the difference between the sea level and the level of the land. Eventually, the crack will enlarge and become a cave. ubricates lines of weakness, e.g. A waves strength is controlled by its fetch and the wind speed. Landforms in the middle course of a river. The soft rock is less resistant than the hard rock so it is eroded faster. Leads to slumping in unconsolidated material and sliding in consolidated strata - producing a complex cliff profile. Our partners will collect data and use cookies for ad personalisation and measurement. This is around 2 million tonnes of material every year. Sub-aerial processes include weathering and mass movement. For example, repeated freezing and thawing of water in rock cracks weakens the rock. You seem to have disabled JavaScript. Geography (A-Level Revision) Coastal Environments Coastal Landforms Erosion Landforms Cliffs Quick revise Many coastlines are backed by cliffs. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. Depending on the relative position of the weaker rock in composite cliffs determines the different landforms that are created. Beaches increase the distance a wave travels before it reaches the coastlines cliffs and so reduces its energy. How did the temperate deciduous woodland get like this? The dip of rock strata in relation to the coastline. The sea attacks a weakness in the base of the cliff. Headlands and bays can form on concordant coastlines too, as has happened with Lulworth Cove, but this requires the rock to have already been weakened, possibly during an ice age. The sea cliff is the main landform along coasts where marine erosion is dominant. To calculate the vertical exaggeration in the topographic profile shown in Figure 3.6 we divide the horizontal scale by the vertical scale: ( 1000 f t 1 i n c h) ( 100 f t i n c h) = 10. Geography: Landscape systems, processes and change (NEW). d.E The soil continues to be lubricated and it eventually flows over the cliff face and down onto the shore at a fast speed. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. At the coast there is the upper beach or backshore (backed by cliffs or sand dunes), the foreshore (periodically exposed by the tides) and the offshore area (covered by water) The coastal zone is a dynamic area with inputs and processes from land, sea and atmosphere. h|lQ%2~pjW|TvmO67&Z[~[+Qv,up=L6 3l}qXqX"p j3&+n&S0n&Mc&z^c+Tk+vQVjVH>0smNc@1k Influence on the Natural Greenhouse Effect. WJEC GCSE Geography Past Papers, The essentials of coastal systems and processes, Geography Cliff Profiles and Bedding Planes, Constructive and destructive wave illustration. How does geology affect the formation of river landforms? Cliff form can also be related to latitude. The video below shows chalk bedding planes (layers) with joints (vertical cracks) in the chalk cliffs at Flamborough. How do changes affect the balance of an ecosystem? How is a cold environment interdependent? Economic opportunities and challenges in Lagos. Coastal environments are complex systems that involve the interaction of various factors, including the marine environment, natural environment, climate, biosphere, fluvial frameworks, structural processes, and human development and management. Cliff Profiles & Bedding Layers Rocks tend to form in layers of different rock types known as beds. "Coastal Systems and Processes". How important are water and carbon to life on Earth? carboniferous limestone). One activity, dredging, is commonly carried out to improve shipping capacities but it reduces the amount of energy dissipated from incoming waves and so increases erosion2. What is migration and why do people migrate? What are shanty town improvement schemes? This is chemical weathering. Often produce straighter coastlines. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); Cliffsare common features of coastal environments. A cliff profile is the height and angle is a cliff face, plus it's features such as wave cut notches and changes in slope angle. Weathering is the separating of rock in situ. Hard rocks erode and weather slowly, and the less fractured the rock is, the better it will resist breaking down. Development, population change and the demographic transition model, Strategies for reducing the development gap, How can the growth of tourism reduce the development gap? What are active, dormant and extinct volcanoes? The hard rock shields the soft rock from erosion. The current cannot keep larger and heavier sediment suspended above water for extended periods. A wave-cut notch is created by erosional processes such . They are typically made up of bedding planes (layers) with joints (vertical cracks). Extreme weather in the UK Beast from the East, Extreme Weather in the UK Summer Heatwave 2018. Mudflows occur on very steep slopes along the coastline. chalk, limestone) erode more slowly. 2 cards swept of the cliff leading to 1 fatality Holbeck Hall, North Yorkshire 1. It produces sloping cliffs between 5 and 20metre high. Sloping, low-angle profile with one rock layer facing the sea; vulnerable to rock slides down the dip slope. Rock that has been uplifted with its bedding planes tilted downwards away from the coast (D) creates a relatively stable cliff shape. Marine Erosion Processes And Erosional Coastal Landforms. What is the difference between a tornado and a hurricane? This leaves a wave-cut platform. Beds dipping seaward can produce overhangs whilst beds dipping landward tend to produce more sloping cliffs. They can be quick occasions, for example, avalanches and rockfalls or they can be moderate processes, soil creeps. Weathering and mass movement in river valleys. The video below shows a geo at Selwicks Bay, Flamborough. What challenges are associated with the growth of Rio? Z: ufTlcWT~ Ww*4lJ$vZJeBH`)iWYw8`QO%nMd,BrM CIE iGCSE Geography Past Papers Chalk rocks tend to form vertical cliffs sometimes of great height (up to 50 metres). This again happens twice in the lunar cycle because of the sun and moon acting against one another. Reduces friction between grains in unconsolidated material. Therefore, we can classify coastlines as being erosion- or deposition-dominated. The cliffs vary in height, steepness and shape according to the geology of the area. How do fissures influence cliff profiles and rates of erosion? In igneous rocks, cooling joints form when magma contracts as it looses heat. If the less resistant rock is near the top of the cliff, it may be subjected to sub-aerial processes. Where the cave erodes through the headland an arch is formed (see image below). Additionally, there are many smaller-scale sub-cells within the larger cells. This then creates a slip plane. Where do you want to go now? /}0*gHtJTWzmg>ym Swash-aligned shorelines develop large beaches with potential dunes that provide protection from erosion. What is the location and importance of Rio de Janeiro? How has rainforest vegetation adapted to the climate? wSi%]=Cbklnnh>7\8w+vfFJdXu>F7_#dtK_ T?FY+1 #b8 $Uw;kIZElv>&oKn.8 /,Z? These beds are subjected to tectonic forces that tilt and deform them so they dip at an angle. The wave cut platform at Selwicks Bay, Flamborough. There are four different ways that waves and tidal flows transport material: Solution: Minerals dissolve in ocean water and are carried in a mixture. What are the impacts of industry on the physical environment? Shallow-angled, vegetated cliffs they have a convex profile (convex = curved like the interior of a circle) WJEC A Level GeographyPast Papers, AQA GCSE Geography Past Papers The size of fetch and type of wave are crucial factors affecting the rate of erosion. Suspension: Small particles are carried in water, such as sediment and clay, which can make the water appear cloudy. Micro-features are small-scale coastal features such as caves and wave-cut notches which form part of a cliff profile. Can the risks of volcanic eruptions be reduced? They occur in most rocks, often in regular patterns, dividing rock strata up into blocks with a regular shape. Beds that dip seaward produce gentler cliffs but are less stable because loose material can slide down the bedding planes in mass movements. Fissures: Much smaller cracks in rocks, often only a few centimeters or millimeters long but they also represent weaknesses that erosion can exploit.
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