That's why you can't directly convert the Richter or Magnitude scale to the Mercalli scale although the released energy, local geology, terrain, depth of an earthquake and distance from the epicenter are all still the same. be found on pg. Freeman, San Francisco, 768. Copyright 2023 The Trustees of {0,W7au]n{~y _aXV,k2m!J}UMv}xG?o?zW2Qeu,3Q~1trX&EYNLf5{}2C]|*+]n|=rxStH\Y#e\nX|_H^5E]4[:+fWxPBJLnty@6v 'ygb ~6\[K.|%TZl!DRE)Dgu[6*>(O[y=Tr1 Most masonry and frame structures and their foundations destroyed. Thesis, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok. z/76 E1(S=C50R6*C?dzy}5n`u%]|QJ. This Furniture broken. 812-855-5809. Atlanta, GA: "Cars in the Olympic parking lot were noted to sway slightly during last night's quake. The Modified Mercalli Intensity value assigned to a specific site after an earthquake has a more meaningful measure of severity to the nonscientist than themagnitudebecause intensity refers to the effects actually experienced at that place. On this scale, intensities up to 5 are felt but cause no damage, while intensities from 6 to 12 cause increasing amounts of damage. The series of MMI-PGA data are distinguished by different symbols and the numbers correspond to the isoseismal maps in Figure 1. Trifunac, M.D. Microearthquakes, usually not felt. A fun and Part three of our introduction to seismology series is an exercise about the Modified Mercalli Intensity scale which is used by seismologists to determine the magnitude and epicenter of earthquakes of the past. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. We use a grading scale in school when we get an A, B or C. Some schools use a numeric grading system for the same level of work, where an A is equal to a 4, a B to a 3, and so on. Engineers work very hard to protect humans from the potentially dangerous force of earthquakes. technology, engineering or math (STEM) educational standards. The Modified Mercalli intensity scale (MM, MMI, or MCS), developed from Giuseppe Mercalli's Mercalli intensity scale of 1902, is a seismic intensity scale used for measuring the intensity of shaking produced by an earthquake. Wood and F. Neumann in the 1930s. Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale - A copy of the Lines of sight and level distorted. It's actually a much broader term. It measures the effects of an earthquake at a given location, distinguished from the earthquake's inherent force or strength as measured by seismic magnitude scales (such as the "Mw" magnitude usually reported for an earthquake). Weak chimneys broken at roof line. Felt by very few people; barely noticeable. The scale now generally employed in North America is the Mercalli scale, as modified by Harry O. This implies that the standard of building construction in Myanmar, in terms of withstanding earthquake hazards, is not high enough such that low ground motions contribute to a high degree of structure damage, particularly at higher levels of ground shaking. For example, MMI 6 corresponds to a peak ground velocity of about 50 mm/s.Intensity is easy to use, even for historic earthquakes. In the article below, you'll learn about the different measures of an earthquake: from the famous Richter scale to the currently used moment magnitude scale and Mercalli scale, which is an intensity scale describing the effects of the phenomenon. WebThe Modified Mercalli intensity scale (MM or MMI), developed from Giuseppe Mercalli 's Mercalli intensity scale of 1902, is a seismic intensity scale used for measuring the Earthquake Spectra, 15, 537-555. pages, email and other written documents. If you're interested in the latest earthquakes in your region or only the most recent earthquakes (as they are happening all the time! ", 5. Rails bent slightly, Near total damage. Modified Mercalli intensity VIII is roughly correlated with peak accelerations of about one-quarter that of gravity ( g = 9.8 metres, or 32.2 feet, per second squared) and ground velocities of If the earthquake was associated with a tsunami or volcanic eruption, it is flagged Marginal and long-period effects of large earthquakes. 12201 Sunrise Valley Drive Reston, VA 20192. Felt by many indoors, few outdoors. Earth, Planets and Space, 61, 1313-1325. (1988) Intensity-related earthquake ground motion. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 46, 317-320. Teachers Association. Branches broken from trees. Using a deck of cards or by calling random numbers between 1 and 12, have the students show their drawing of what would happen during an earthquake with that Mercalli rating. http://neic.usgs.gov/neis/general/handouts/mercalli.html, Did You Feel It? Some walls may fall. VII. Bloomington, IN 47405-7101 This method of obtaining data is not enough for the numerical analysis of seismic hazards and in particular is not sufficient for engineering purposes [3]. . Giant Wave Characteristics and Causes, Survive That Tsunami! Slight structural damage. Considerable damage to specially built structures, buildings shifted off foundations. M.Sc. CategoryEarth + Atmospheric Sciences Best forHigh School + Middle School. For questions about the information on this page, please email: NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI > National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, It describes the damage left by an earthquake, not the actual force of the earthquake. Nested under units are lessons (in purple) and hands-on activities (in blue). To sum up, in the moment magnitude scale, the strength of the earthquake is tied up with the seismic moment, which depends on three physical parameters rigidity, area, and slip. OFFICE OF RESEARCH endobj Hand sanitizer will be available, and social distancing is encouraged at the festival so you can have fun safely exploring dozens of amazing science activities, both indoor and out! WebIntensity Witness Perceptions and Damage; I: Felt by very few people; barely noticeable. Slight to moderate damage in well built, ordinary structures. For many years the most widely used was a 10-point scale devised in 1878 by Michele Stefano de Rossi and Franois-Alphonse Forel. and Sponheuer, W. (1969) Scale of seismic intensity. put into trial operation in Ankara, Turkey. With respect to seismic hazards, Myanmar is one of the earthquake-prone areas in Mainland Southeast Asia. The methodology is simple. Wholesale destruction. and Worden, C.B. Use of the TeachEngineering digital library and this website constitutes acceptance of our Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. on the date and time of occurrence, latitude and longitude, focal depth, magnitude, If students are having difficulty brainstorming drawings for the different levels of the Mercalli Scale, have them brainstorm ideas with their partner or as a group. Hanging objects swing. Understand why engineers develop rating scales for earthquakes. Landslides. WebThe one important intensity scale that does not have twelve degrees (now that the Rossi-Forel Scale is no longer much in use) is the seven-degree Japanese Meteorological Agency Scale (EMS-98), the Modified Mercalli Scale (MM or MMI) and the JMA scale, although the latter is not widely used in practice any longer to assign intensities. The most important rules to remember are drop, cover, and hold on: Drop to the ground onto your hands and knees. Wide cracks in ground. If engineers can develop better technology for predicting the size and force of earthquakes, then cities and communities can work to keep themselves from harm. Note that the scale is based on vibration experienced at a particular site. Indiana University, 1. catalogs, post-event reconnaissance reports, journal articles, newspapers, internet Serious damage to dams, dikes, embankments. Engineers often invent scales or systems to use as measurement tools. Remember that for each unit increase in magnitude: So, for example, an earthquake with a magnitude of 7 releases over 1000 times more energy than a magnitude 5 earthquake. A modified Mercalli intensity scale is used to quantify the earthquake's effects. It is influenced by the amount of kinetic energy released, the Hershberger, J. Some walls collapse. The most familiar of these is the Richter scale - related Other intensity scales are used in some countries. A lock () or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. NOAA makes no warranty, expressed Learn how to calculate the duty cycle of a periodic system with Omni's duty cycle calculator: insert what you know, and we'll do the math! failure of the data to function on a particular system. The areas of equal intensity, referred to as isoseismals, tend to form irregular bullseye patterns, with the center of the bulls eye, and the highest intensities, experienced at or near the earthquake epicenter. Tremor Troop Earthquakes, Federal Emergency Management <>>> If you prefer, click on the map for desired Kansas City, MO: "All of the dishes in Thelma's Cafe rattled noisily, but none crashed off the shelves. Felt by nearly everyone. Waves seen on ground. Thus, for the reduction of earthquake hazards in Myanmar, earthquake hazard situations should be realized and the standard building code should be modified accordingly to withstand such ground movement. Students learn how engineers build shake tables that simulate the ground motions of the Earth caused by seismic waves in order to test the seismic performance of buildings. Felt by a few people, especially on the upper floors. WebThe Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale. In the ASN, standards are hierarchically structured: first by source; e.g., by state; within source by type; e.g., science or mathematics; The magnitude (size) of an earthquake is based on WebThe above table shows the approximate relationship between Modified Mercalli Intensity and Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA). (Ganse, Robert A., John B. Nelson, 1981). Also, it's essential to make sure that you know what to do during an earthquake before you're caught in one. After that, each MMI value was plotted against the corresponding calculated PGA, as shown in Figure 2. After this activity, students should be able to: Each TeachEngineering lesson or activity is correlated to one or more K-12 science, It is constant for specific types of rock; DDD Average fault displacement (cm); the distance one block is relocated; and. Landslides. What Should I Do Before, During, and After an Earthquake? Underground pipelines completely out of service. Pull over, stop, and engage the handbrake. ", 12. (1992) Dependence of strong ground motion on magnitude-distance, site geology and macroseismic intensity for shallow earthquakes in Greece: I, peak horizontal acceleration, velocity and displacement. In this study, all macroseismic intensity data are taken from previous publications of isoseismal maps ranked with respect to the MMI scale. In comparison with these, the MMI-PGA relationship for Myanmar reported here illustrates that in the same engineering ground-motion level, that is the same PGA level, the MMI of Myanmar is reported at a lower level than those for the other region until level V. Figure 2. Wald, D.J., Quintoriano, V., Heaton, T.H., Kanamori, H., Scrivner, C.W. Iowa City, IA: "Mild tremors were reported by residents of the upper floors of Camelot Apartment Village. Changes in flow or temperature of springs and wells. Weak masonry destroyed; ordinary masonry heavily damaged, sometimes with complete collapse; reinforced masonry seriously damaged. While shaking is caused Make sure you understandEarthquake! The Mercalli Scale was used earlier than the Richter Scale. ", 15. and linked to the related tsunami event or significant volcanic eruption. Check what you could have accomplished if you get out of your social media bubble. However, in practice, a physically based ground-motion measure is needed particularly for engineering purposes. WebA 12-point abridged form of the modified Mercalli scale is provided below. A variety of hazards result from natural processes (e.g., earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions). May feel like heavy truck passing by. It is a 12-point scale, ranging from sites that experience barely perceptible vibration (MM I) to those that experience total devastation (MM XII). Isoseismal maps of the ten earthquakes reported in Myanmar and neighboring areas during 1912-2006 AD. Seismological Research Letters, 68, 128-153. An official website of the United States government. Here is a photograph of Giuseppe Mercalli, the inventor of The effect of an earthquake on the Earth's surface is referred The Significant Earthquake Database is a global listing of over 5,700 earthquakes The projector calculator finds the optimum viewing distance and throw distance for a specific projection size. to poorly built structures. Okamoto, S. (1973) Introduction to earthquake engineering. IX. The Richter magnitude is based on the wave amplitude recorded by seismographs. Total damage. 5), Analyze and interpret data identifying ways Earth's surface is constantly changing through a variety of processes and forces such as plate tectonics, erosion, deposition, solar influences, climate, and human activity ", 2. You may have heard that a 5.8 earthquake hit Alaska recently. China, Iran, and Turkey lead in the category of the most catastrophic earthquakes (damages, fatalities, etc.). Today, we are going to look at the Mercalli Scale's damage rating and create a booklet to help inform citizens of potential danger. Earthquake, 17, 711-723. AAA Area of the fault rupture (cm2), which is the estimated area over which the earthquake has occurred. The strongest earthquake ever recorded the one in Chile in 1960 was 8.6 on the Richter magnitude scale but had a moment magnitude of ~9.5. The one currently used in the United States is the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale developed in 1931. If time permits, have the students write a sentence on the bottom of each page describing the illustration. Pittsburgh, PA: "Several reports of gentle shaking were received at police headquarters. Difficult to stand. Bridges destroyed. ), Seismic Design for Nuclear Power Plants. Students learn about the types of seismic waves produced by earthquakes and how they move through the Earth. In an effort to gather more information about the earthquake, you have compiled newspaper accounts of the events from many sources. The magnitudes required in equation (1) and the earthquake locations for measuring the source-to-site-distances are those cited in previous reports and are detailed in Table 1. Khin, A. and Win, K. (1968) Preliminary studies of the paleogeography of Burma during the Cenozoic. Isolated damage, Difficult to stand. There are two commonly-used ways of rating earthquakes: 1) the Richter scale and 2) the Mercalli Scale. The intensities experienced at different sites depend primarily on the distance from the source to each site. Explain the Mercalli Scale on their own through drawing and writing. WebThe effect of an earthquake on the Earth's surface is referred to as its intensity. Decayed pilings broken off. Felt by a few people, especially on upper floors. In addition to the MMI reported in Myanmar, two isoseismal maps obtained from macroseismic intensity investigations in Thailand are added. Students also investigate which structural designs are most likely to survive an earthquake. Medvedev, S.V. NOAA's National Climatic Data Center (NCDC), National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC), Both of these were generated by the Sagiang Fault Zone with reported MMIs of up to IX and spread out far away from the source into Thailand (Figure 1). The database is now updated regularly from sources such as U.S. Noticeable indoors, especially on upper floors, but may not be recognized as an earthquake. Macroseismic intensity, the descriptive reporting format of earthquake ground shaking, is useful to provide information about the response of structures, quality and type of construction, including the variation of geological conditions in specific areas. We sometimes assign points to a homework assignment to rate how well we did. Accessibility | Privacy Notice (Grade 4), Design solutions by safely using tools, materials, and skills. Can you think of any examples? Small objects moved. Objects thrown up into the air. WebStep 1 Type the name of the city and the state of the hypothetical earthquake, and then click "Center". 2006-2013 Scientific Research Publishing Inc. All rights reserved. The European (MSK) scale of 12 grades is similar to the abridged version of the Mercalli. Journal of Geophysical Research, 89, 453-472. Serious damage. Large rock masses displaced. political geography, and additional comments are also provided for each earthquake. Subpages of this template. If there were complete symmetry about the vertical through the earthquakes focus, isoseismals would be circles with the epicentre (the point at the surface of the Earth immediately above where the earthquake originated) as the centre. Some walls may fall. Copyright ? Le Dain, A.Y., Tapponnier, P. and Molnar, P. (1984) Active faulting and tectonics of Burma and surrounding regions. 4. Earthquakes in the Midwestern and Eastern United States?! and Brady, A.G. (1975) On the correlation of seismic intensity scales with the peaks of recorded strong ground motion. endobj It may be helpful to put the scale up on the board and read it aloud with the students. A Modified Mercalli Intensity of six is abbreviated as MMI 6. Global Significant Earthquake Database. The amplitude of shaking is 10 times larger. <> Tonga, Fiji, or another island country in the Pacific probably have the most earthquakes when it comes to earthquakes per area**. From the isoseismal maps described above, the individual area of each MMI level was gridded with a spacing of 1 1 km to measure the source-to-site-distances that the seismic wave traveled and was attenuated over. and Wenbin, S. (2010) Seismic hazard maps of Yangon and its surrounding areas. Intensity ratings are expressed as Roman numerals between I at the low end and XII at the high end. The one currently used in If you want to know which country has the most earthquakes, it depends on what you really mean: Indonesia lies in a very active seismic region and is a relatively big country, so it probably has the most earthquakes in total. Brown, J.C. and Leicester, P. (1933) The Pyu earthquake of 3rd and 4th December, 1930 and subsequent Burma earthquakes up to January 1932. Wood and Frank Neumann in 1931, in which intensity is considered to be more suitably graded. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India, 42, 1-140. WebFirst, measure the scale on the map in Figure 13.13 in centimeters, and use that to convert your distances in kilometers to centimeters (ex. Agency, FEMA 159, April 1999, published by the National Science Stay inside until the shaking stops. The database provides information Furthermore, earthquake intensity, or strength, is distinct from earthquake magnitude, which is a measure of the amplitude, or size, of seismic waves as specified by a seismograph reading. For instance, for a particular amount of shaking, unreinforced masonry (brick) buildings will experience much greater damage than wood-frame buildings in the same area. Review the purpose of the Mercalli Scale with the students, as described in the Introduction/Motivation section. The most important thing to remember is the fact that in the Richter scale, wave amplitudes are taken into account. The effects of earthquake waves at the surface can be measured using an intensity scale.This is an arbitrary scale based on observations of phenomena such as: The most common intensity scale used in Australia is the 12-point Modified Mercalli scale. Shabestari, K.T. Most masonry, frame structures, and their foundations destroyed. the last several hundred years. You may want to check this video from Pacific Tsunami Warning Center illustrating the incredible differences between different historical earthquakes. The easiest way to do this is to print out the map and write the values by the dot for each city. Natural Science Vol.4No.8A(2012), Article ID:21664,7 pages DOI:10.4236/ns.2012.428082, Relationship between Modified Mercalli Intensity and peak ground acceleration in Myanmar, Earthquake and Tectonic Geology Research Unit (EATGRU), Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Pailoplee.S@gmail.com, Received 27 June 2012; revised 25 July 2012; accepted 11 August 2012, Keywords: Isoseismal Map; Modified Mercalli Intensity; Peak Ground Acceleration; Myanmar. However, these contents do not necessarily represent the policies of the Department of Education or National Science Foundation, and you should not assume endorsement by the federal government. An earthquake has one magnitude. Twisting, fall of chimneys, factory stacks, monuments, towers, elevated tanks. Tell students to draw a picture having to do with an earthquake or the Mercalli Scale. ", 6. Some well-built wooden structures and bridges destroyed. Waves seen on ground. W.H. Check out the antipode calculator to learn more! Little Rock, AR: "Residents of the Holiday Inn noted that the water sloshed out of the swimming pool during the quake. Read the newspaper reports for each city and assign Mercalli intensity values to each of the reporting areas based on the classifications in Table 1 above. Even sports teams have different levels to make sure that teams with the same ability play each other. Table 1. In case of the Tounggyi earthquake, the MMI is in the range of V-IX within the area covering approximately 500 km from the earthquake location [7]. Bender, F. (1983) Geology of Burma. 0338326. An earthquake has a single magnitude, but intensity varies with distance. to the size of seismic waves produced during a quake. Jackson, MS: "Broken plaster was noted in the entry to the old City Hall building. "', 7. Department of Mineral Resources (2006) Macroseismic investigation in Chiang Mai Province, Northern Thailand. Do you agree with this alignment? This is a web site through which doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K [access date], Earth Science > Solid Earth > Seismology > Earthquake Occurrences, INFOTERRA > Disasters > Catastrophic phenomena > Earthquakes, INFOTERRA > Lithosphere > Seismic activity > Seismic activity, INFOTERRA > Lithosphere > Seismic monitoring > Seismic monitoring, INFOTERRA > Disasters > Catastrophic phenomena > Tsunami, DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI > National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, ", 23. Considerable damage Dishes, windows, doors disturbed. The class could even draw one level of the scale at a time together. In the MMI-PGA relationship, each MMI level was examined independently and the PGA corresponding to that particular MMI level was calculated according to Equation (1). Considerable damage to ordinary buildings, severe damage to poorly built structures. Do you agree with this alignment? Landslides. Earthquakes aren't the only phenomena whose magnitudes are expressed using a logarithmic scale this is also the case for cyclones. Rating earthquakes helps engineers determine which ones are going to cause the most damage so they can warn people in advance. Intensity scales date from the late 19th and early 20th centuries, before seismographs capable of accurate measurement of ground motion were developed. Significant damage was reported to tracks at the new railroad yard. Louisville, KY: "The Captain's Restaurant reported $3000 damage due to broken china and glassware. At each location assign Fall of stucco and some masonry walls. Krinitzsky, E.L. and Chang, F.K. ", 13. Focusing to the other region, many empirical equations have been proposed to relate the MMI with PGA (Figure 3). ground. The earthquake "size" which is the energy released is. It occurred in the afternoon, lasted for 10 minutes, and caused tsunamis that affected southern Chile, Hawaii, Japan, the Philippines, New Zealand, Australia, and the Aleutian Islands. Masks are expected for indoor activities. Intensity depends, however, in a complicated way not only on ground accelerations but also on the periods and other features of seismic waves, the distance of the measuring point from the source, and the local geologic structure. Like passing train, Books off shelves. Did You Feel It? Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 24, 79-89. WebThe most common intensity scale used in Australia is the 12-point Modified Mercalli scale. Total damage. We acknowledged thoughtful comments and suggestions by the Editor-In-Chief and anonymous reviewers which enhanced the quality of this manuscript significantly. 4 0 obj By studying the earthquakes' impacts, can students predict what the Mercalli Scale level would be for each one? Although in the Northern Hemisphere, antipode usually refers to Australia or New Zealand.
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