Intravenous fluids (IV, fluids given through a vein). The Skin Deep data availability rating reflects the number of scientific studies about the product or ingredient in the published scientific literature. Treatment for battery exposures is symptomatic and supportive. A.D.A.M. Cyanide is released from natural substances in some foods and in certain plants, including the pits and seeds of some common fruits. You may opt-out of email communications at any time by clicking on You're Probably Not Using Sunblock as Well as You Think, Can Cigarette Burns Leave Scars? There may also be risk for esophageal strictures that can take up to 4-6 weeks to be seen. If the person breathed in the poison, immediately move them to fresh air. The safest products score well by both measures, with a low hazard rating and a fair or better data availability rating. Accessed August 23, 2021. If you get battery acid on your skin, dont panic. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. WebSwallowing may cause severe burns of mouth, throat and stomach. . For skin exposure, treatment may include: The person may need to be admitted to a hospital for more treatment. If it contacts tissues, it can cause severe damage, such as burning or ulcers, on contact. In manufacturing, cyanide is used to make paper, textiles, and plastics. Close up the second bag also. Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic School of Graduate Medical Education, Mayo Clinic School of Continuous Professional Development, Mayo Clinic on Incontinence - Mayo Clinic Press, NEW Mayo Clinic on High Blood Pressure - Mayo Clinic Press, Mayo Clinic on Hearing and Balance - Mayo Clinic Press, FREE Mayo Clinic Diet Assessment - Mayo Clinic Press, Mayo Clinic Health Letter - FREE book - Mayo Clinic Press, Financial Assistance Documents Minnesota, Leg pain after prolonged standing or sitting. What is hyperkalemia? DO NOT use it to treat or manage an actual poison exposure. Use soapy water for a minute, followed by a 30 second plain water rinse. This hotline number will let you talk to experts in poisoning. HazMap — Occupational Exposure to Hazardous Agents. Mayo Clinic offers appointments in Arizona, Florida and Minnesota and at Mayo Clinic Health System locations. Editorial team. If potassium hydroxide becomes concentrated in one area, is added too rapidly, or is added to hot or cold liquid, a rapid temperature increase can result in DANGEROUS mists, boiling or spattering which may cause an immediate VIOLENT ERUPTION. Editorial team. 9th ed. fPotassium Hydroxideis a HIGHLY CORROSIVE CHEMICAL and contact can severely Battery acid on your skin can cause itching, pain, redness, and burning. Ranked among the top schools of pharmacy nationally, the college supports research, service and educational programs enhanced with online technologies. Here are the different types of battery acid you may encounter: Batteries in your household appliances tend to be alkaline batteries. Products with the EWG VERIFIED mark have met use restrictions and warnings based on EWG review of company data. However, DO NOT delay calling for help if this information is not immediately available. Minimizing your exposure to battery acid fumes is important as you treat the respiratory irritation it causes. <> WebfPotassium Hydroxidecan affect you when inhaled and by passing through the skin. This ingredients score is higher if used in products that are inhalable (e.g., sprays, powders) because of respiratory concerns. When in doubt, call the Poison Control Hotline at 800-222-1222. If you cannot go indoors, leave the area where the cyanide was released. Dry your face, then tilt your head back and dry your hair, and then dry down your body. Symptoms will be treated. Co-located with the Shands Jacksonville Hospital, the Jacksonville Health Science Center excels in education, research and patient care that expresses our abiding values of compassion, excellence, professionalism and innovation. Holes (perforations) in the esophagus and stomach may result in serious infections in both the chest and abdominal cavities, which may result in death. There is only a modest volume of research. Often referred to as alkaline hydrolysis, the process involves placing the animal carcass into a sealed chamber, adding a mixture of lye and water When battery acid makes contact with your skin, it can create a skin reaction. These cookies allow us to count visits and traffic sources so we can measure and improve the performance of our site. The provider will measure and monitor the person's vital signs, including temperature, pulse, breathing rate, and blood pressure. Your local poison center can be reached directly by calling the national toll-free Poison Help hotline (1-800-222-1222) from anywhere in the United States. Know Your Environment. European Commission. Potassium hydroxide LD50 = 333-384 mg/kg (Rat) Not listed Not listed Toxicologically Synergistic Products No information available Delayed and immediate effects as well as chronic effects from short and long-term exposure Fluid therapy:If the patient is unable to drink or is hyperthermic, IV fluids can be very beneficial. Causes irritation of eyes with tearing, redness, swelling. Accessed on March 1, 2013 at http://ec.europa.eu/consumers/cosmetics/cosing/ . Irrigation (washing of the skin). Cyanide gas can disperse quickly in open spaces depending on the weather, making it less harmful outdoors. The faster a person gets medical help, the better the chance for recovery. Cigarette burns can leave a scar, especially if theyre deep. Having a blood potassium level higher than 6.0 mmol/L can be dangerous and usually requires immediate treatment. All information these cookies collect is aggregated and therefore anonymous. privacy practices. Skin contact from battery acid from a lead battery can be a medical emergency and may require immediate attention from a doctor. WebThe product causes burns of eyes, skin and mucous membranes. For additional information visit Linking to and Using Content from MedlinePlus. endobj stream This hotline is available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. Wait to see if symptoms appear. If contaminated with solid cyanide, skip this step and wash your body as described in the next bullet. The sun is a powerful source of ultraviolet radiation that can cause significant damage, even on cloudy, overcast days. Breathing in any type of battery acid fumes can be toxic and cause dizziness or nausea. All rights reserved. How well a person does depends on the amount of poison swallowed and how quickly treatment was received. <> In: Walls RM, Hockberger RS, Gausche-Hill M, eds. However, the following Accessed Oct. 4, 2017. Mount DB. CAUSTIC POTASH; POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE; POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE, Big Market for Black Cosmetics, but Less-Hazardous Choices Limited, K-Beauty Trends: Serums, Essences and EWGs Best Bets, FDA Asks Women To Protect Themselves From Products The Agency Refused To Ban, Study Highlights Importance of Cosmetics Ingredient Safety Tests, Violation of government restrictions - Restricted in cosmetics; use, concentration, or manufacturing restrictions - any, Violation of industry recommendations - Restricted in cosmetics; use, concentration, or manufacturing restrictions - Avoid or minimize skin exposure: recommendation from industry safety panel (Cosmetic Ingredient Review, CIR), Restricted in cosmetics (recommendations or requirements) - use, concentration, or manufacturing restrictions - any, Determined safe for use in cosmetics, subject to concentration or use limitations - Safe for use in cosmetics with some qualifications, Allowed workplace exposures restricted to low doses, Single case study detailing occupational hazards, Classified as expected to be toxic or harmful, Environment Canada Domestic Substance List, Classified as medium human health priority, any irritation - weight of evidence unknown/unassessed, Not suspected to be an environmental toxin, Designated as safe for general or specific, limited use in food, Industry or government recommendations for safe use: restrictions on concentration, impurities, product types, or manufacturing methods - Avoid or minimize skin exposure: recommendation from industry safety panel (Cosmetic Ingredient Review, CIR), 2405 studies in PubMed science library may include information on the toxicity of this chemical. Here's what you need to know about treating, New research finds that while many people say sun protection is important to them, misconceptions about tanning and sun exposure are still quite. The Skin Deep scoring system was designed to help the public understand whether a product is safe to use or whether it contains ingredients of concern. If radiographs show an intact battery in the stomach, give the dog a small meal and induce vomiting to see if the battery can be recovered. Liquefactive necrosis affects the fat in the cell membrane causing cell destruction and ultimately deeper penetration into mucosal tissues. CIR Compendium, containing abstracts, discussions, and conclusions of CIR cosmetic ingredient safety assessments. WebSymptoms from cyanide poisoning can progress very rapidly when exposed to a large amount of cyanide. wwwn.cdc.gov/TSP/MMG/MMGDetails.aspx?mmgid=246&toxid=45. Students rotate through the various clinical settings on the campus, and primary care centers and specialty care centers located throughout Jacksonville. WebPotassium carbonate is a white powder used to make soap, glass, and other items. % Linking to a non-federal website does not constitute an endorsement by CDC or any of its employees of the sponsors or the information and products presented on the website. Bleeding can be severe if the injury involves erosion of a vessel. other information we have about you. 2013. WebSymptoms from swallowing potassium hydroxide include: Abdominal pain - severe; Breathing difficulties due to the throat swelling shut; Burns in the mouth and throat; Holes (perforations) in the esophagus and stomach may result in serious infections in both the chest and abdominal cavities, which may result in death. First wash your hair, face, and hands, and then wash the rest of your body. Hydrogen cyanide (HCN or AC) gas is lighter than air, so the gas will rise. Aqueous potassium hydroxide is employed as the electrolyte in alkaline batteries based on nickel-cadmium and manganese dioxide-zinc. If the chemical is on the skin or in the eyes, flush with lots of water (at least 2 quarts or 1.9 liters) for at least 15 minutes. When chewed open, they have the same caustic injury concern as alkaline batteries.When swallowed intact, they have additional concerns. This site complies with the HONcode standard for trustworthy health information: verify here. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) website. That is why we provide online Continuing Medical Education (CME) courses for you to complete for CME credits. EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION Ingredients with A.D.A.M., Inc. is accredited by URAC, for Health Content Provider (www.urac.org). 'afh/kuN%M Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn. Oct. 11, 2017. http://www.pubmed.gov. Although the degree of damage can vary, the potential for ulceration from batteries is high. Depending on the size of the battery and the size of the patient, obstruction of either the esophagus or trachea (if aspirated) is a possible, but not common, concern. Cyanide can also be a crystal (solid) form such as sodium cyanide (NaCN) or potassium cyanide (KCN). <>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/Annots[ 30 0 R] /MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> Eating, drinking, or touching food or drink contaminated with cyanide can expose people to cyanide. Damage to the esophagus and stomach continues to occur for several weeks after the poison was swallowed. Follow any directions by local authorities. and Ph.D. degrees in Veterinary Medical Sciences. Follow the steps above, but use a solution of warm, soapy water to remove the sulfuric acid. 2008. Cyanogen Chloride (CNCl or CK) is heavier and will sink to low-lying areas and increase the risk of exposure there. https://www.mayomedicallaboratories.com/test-catalog/Clinical+and+Interpretive/81390.%20Accessed%20Oct.%201. CDC is not responsible for Section 508 compliance (accessibility) on other federal or private website. If the person breathed in the poison, move them to fresh air right away. Activated charcoal is not indicated, as the alkalis work locally and are not absorbed. Clinical signs for oral exposures include dysphagia, hypersalivation, stridor, vomiting, oral and/or abdominal pain, oropharyngeal edema, lethargy, depression, dyspnea and white to grey erosions or ulceration that may slough. Downloaded from http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/%7Edms/opa-appa.html, Oct 16, 2006. These courses share the latest in medical knowledge, teach new patient-relationship skills and help providers deal with relevant current issues. Breathing support, including oxygen and a tube through the mouth or nose into the lungs. Cyanide is a rapidly acting, potentially deadly chemical that interferes with the bodys ability to use oxygen. Make sure windows are closed and ventilation systems are turned off to make sure the contamination does not come inside. 2008. Sign up for free, and stay up to date on research advancements, health tips and current health topics, like COVID-19, plus expertise on managing health. Damage to the esophagus and stomach continues to occur for several weeks after the potassium hydroxide was swallowed. Analysis for this analyte is based on water solubility. In: Walls RM, Hockberger RS, Gausche-Hill M, eds. Sodium hydroxide is found in many industrial solvents and cleaners, including products to strip floors, brick cleaners, cements, and many others. 2 0 obj Together we create unstoppable momentum. Below are symptoms of sodium hydroxide poisoning or exposure in different parts of the body. Other treatments may also be given. Alkaline batteries contain potassium hydroxide which has a very high pH. Contamination of food or drink is more likely with solid forms. Sodium hydroxide is a very strong chemical. Survivors of significant cyanide exposure may develop heart, brain, and nerve damage. Cosing, the European Commission database with information on cosmetic substances and ingredients. w" M~F^Fb"/g=Q3x>*WN%,fA{=wv2\}'\W`uyMD8Ww(2 ;)~ >mD6]!uc@`[f] fGy.gzYj8Ls&c1nv*,~ h3zl?G:7W_A|8/aEv\[tnG$PyMa8jW M z. If it contacts tissues, it can cause severe damage, such as burning or ulcers, on contact. You should call if you have any questions about poisoning or poison prevention. Discover how Dr. Lila Miller championed the field of shelter medicine and received a leadership award from a prominent animal welfare organization. Accessed Oct. 4, 2017. Potassium Hydroxide is a caustic inorganic base. If you wear contact lenses, take them out and place them with your clothing. Dress in any available clean clothes to prevent hypothermia. Eye Contact: Highly Corrosive! This often happens in small. Whos at Risk for White Phosphorus Burns, and How Are They Treated? Note: This list may not be all inclusive. Cookies used to enable you to share pages and content that you find interesting on CDC.gov through third party social networking and other websites. This is a free and confidential service. FDA (U.S. Food and Drug Administration). A products hazard score is not an average of the ingredients hazard scores. health information, we will treat all of that information as protected health 2006. Enter the ingredients in EWGs Build Your Own Report tool to get an approximate score for that product. WebSymptoms from swallowing potassium hydroxide include: Burns and severe pain in the mouth and throat Throat swelling, which leads to difficulty breathing Drooling Severe abdominal pain Diarrhea Chest pain Rapid drop in blood pressure (shock) Vomiting, You should call if you have any questions about poisoning or poison prevention. Cyanide salts are used in metallurgy for electroplating, metal cleaning, and removing gold from its ore. Cyanide gas is used to exterminate pests and vermin in ships and buildings. Hoyte C. Caustics. Classification and Labelling: Chemicals: Annex VI of Directive 67/548/EEC through the 31st ATP. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2018:chap 148. 1998-2023 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER). information highlighted below and resubmit the form. Cosmetics and personal care products are not required to be tested for safety before being allowed on the market. If you get wet concrete on your skin, follow these steps. This national hotline will let you talk to experts in poisoning. Often the owner will note a liquid or black material leaking from the battery when it has been punctured. Seek medical help right away. Check out these best-sellers and special offers on books and newsletters from Mayo Clinic Press. How do you keep your pet safe in a chemical emergency? If the chemical was swallowed, give the person water or milk right away, unless a provider tells you something different. If you or someone you are with has an exposure, call the local emergency number (such as 911), or the local poison center can be reached directly by calling the national toll-free Poison Help hotline (1-800-222-1222) from anywhere in the United States. 3 0 obj In: Ralston SH, Penman ID, Strachan MWJ, Hobson RP, eds. Your blood potassium level is normally 3.6 to 5.2 millimoles per liter (mmol/L). Cyanide poisoning is treated with specific antidotes and supportive medical care in a hospital setting or by trained emergency personnel. These complications are not commonly seen in cats and dogs. 9th ed. information submitted for this request. Gather all used things from the floor, including your clothes, and put them in a plastic bag. Exposure to a large amount of cyanide by any route (breathing, %PDF-1.5 Potassium hydroxide is a chemical that comes as a powder, flakes, or pellets. In today's households, batteries are found in almost every room and can present risks to pets who are exposed to them. If the person breathed in the poison, immediately move them to fresh air. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Common manifestations include swell-ing of the tongue and mouth, drooling, and vomiting. You can use a cotton swab dipped in vinegar to neutralize the acid and clean it off any electrical surfaces. Links to other sites are provided for information only -- they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. Updated by: Jacob L. Heller, MD, MHA, Emergency Medicine, Emeritus, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, WA. Breathing in cyanide gas causes symptoms to appear the quickest but swallowing solid or liquid cyanide can be toxic also. This article is for information only. If you have an exposure, you should call your local emergency number (such as 911) or the National Poison Control Center at 1-800-222-1222. All local poison control centers in the United States use this national number. During or immediately after exposure to small doses of cyanide, the following signs and symptoms may develop: Symptoms from cyanide poisoning can progress very rapidly when exposed to a large amount of cyanide. FDA Office of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition. 2006. Potassium, serum. Hazardous Combustion Products Potassium oxides. information and will only use or disclose that information as set forth in our notice of WebConclusions: Most (71%) patients exposed to an oven cleaner irrespective of the route of exposure developed features of toxicity, though in most cases only minor features Camera is placed down the throat to see burns in the airways and lungs. This content does not have an Arabic version. Bronchoscopy. A licensed physician should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. The person may receive: Note: Activated charcoal does not effectively treat (adsorb) sodium hydroxide. It does NOT need to be an emergency. https://www.kidney.org/atoz/content/what-hyperkalemia. Follow these steps if you get battery acid from an alkaline batter on your skin: If your skin comes in contact with battery acid from a lead battery, rinsing with water may make symptoms worse. Potassium hydroxide is a chemical that comes as a powder, flakes, or pellets. All local poison control centers in the United States use this national number. The UF College of Nursing continually attracts and retains the highest caliber of nursing students and faculty with a passion for science and caring. In: Walls RM, Hockberger RS, Gausche-Hill M, eds. Remove gloves and put them in the plastic bag. If an alkaline battery is leaking, put on protective gloves before you try to pick it up. CDC is not responsible for Section 508 compliance (accessibility) on other federal or private website. For information about the health effects of pesticides, or for assistance in recognizing and managing pesticide poisoning symptoms, please contact the National Pesticides Telecommunications Network (NPTN). This article discusses poisoning from swallowing or touching potassium hydroxide or products that contain this chemical. Sulfuric acid: Skin, eye, and respiratory irritations. Healthline has strict sourcing guidelines and relies on peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical associations. Rosen's Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice. Learn more about A.D.A.M. Call our 24-hour veterinary diagnostic and If you are a Mayo Clinic patient, this could University of Florida Health knows how important ongoing medical learning is to health care providers and the community. Ingredients have been studied extensively. http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/endocrine-and-metabolic-disorders/electrolyte-disorders/hyperkalemia. Cyanide can be a colorless gas or liquid, such as hydrogen cyanide (HCN) or cyanogen chloride (CNCl). Updated October 21, 2014. Anytime there is a battery that cant be accounted for, radiographs should be taken make sure to include the neck and chest for disc batteries. This is for information only and not for use in the treatment or management of an actual poison exposure. DO NOT give water or milk if the person is having symptoms (such as vomiting, convulsions, or a decreased level of alertness) that make it hard to swallow. NLM (National Library of Medicine). Learn about UF clinical research studies that are seeking volunteers. Click here for an email preview. Severe sunburns are sometimes referred to as sun poisoning. CDC twenty four seven. Symptoms from swallowing potassium hydroxide include: Symptoms from getting potassium hydroxide on the skin or in the eyes include: Seek immediate medical help. Death from complications may occur as long as several months later. is among the first to achieve this important distinction for online health information and services. WebHere the ASPCAs Animal Poison Control Center (APCC) shares important tips for recognizing and treating battery poisoning in pets. If the chemical is on the skin or in the eyes, flush with lots of water (at least 2 quarts or 1.9 liters) for at least 15 minutes. If you cannot take off all layers, take off as many clothes as you can. Reviewed by: Jesse Borke, MD, CPE, FAAEM, FACEP, Attending Physician at Kaiser Permanente, Orange County, CA. &SiZ Otherwise, put on waterproof or heavy gloves that wont let liquid seep through. Batteries that are leaking or stuck in the esophagus can either be removed by endoscopy or, if in the stomach, removed via gastrotomy. The faster a person gets medical help, the better the chance for recovery. WebProduct name : Potassium phthalate monobasic Product Number Brand CAS-No. Food not contained in glass or metal (such as plastic, paper, or cloth containers) that may have come into contact with solid, liquid, or gaseous should be avoided. 9th ed. If you or someone you are with has an exposure, call the local emergency number (such as 911), or the local poison center can be reached directly by calling the national toll-free Poison Help hotline (1-800-222-1222) from anywhere in the United States. Alkaline Batteries Alkaline batteries Clinical rotations in all the major disciplines are provided for UFCOM undergraduate medical students and elective rotations to students from other accredited schools. The UF College of Pharmacy-Jacksonville offers a four-year Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm.D.) 's editorial policy editorial process and privacy policy. If the cyanide release was indoors, get out of the building. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2018:chap 148. The UFHSC-J is a clinical teaching site for the Gainesville-based College of Nursing. Saving Lives, Protecting People. We avoid using tertiary references. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Cause and evaluation of hyperkalemia in adults. If emergency response services are available, leave used items on the floor and report their location to emergency personnel. The UF College of Dentistry is the only public-funded dental school in Florida and is recognized as one of the top U.S. dental schools for the quality of its educational programs, oral health research enterprise and commitment to patient care and service. High potassium (hyperkalemia): Hyperkalemia is the medical term that describes a potassium level in your blood that's higher than normal. Reviewed by: Jacob L. Heller, MD, MHA, Emergency Medicine, Emeritus, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, WA. All Rights Reserved. Cookies used to track the effectiveness of CDC public health campaigns through clickthrough data. Environmental Working Group. The person may receive: Note: Activated charcoal does not effectively treat (adsorb) sodium hydroxide. It is commonly known as lye or potash. ==!d)9H2ACm?*]h\\^~O3Va/KHGr$ Chemical burns can be the result. Cyanide is sometimes described as having a bitter almond smell, but does not always give off an odor, and not everyone can detect this odor. There is a problem with Perhaps every few hours for several days. follows rigorous standards of quality and accountability. The provider will measure and monitor the person's vital signs, including temperature, pulse, breathing rate, and blood pressure. These cookies may also be used for advertising purposes by these third parties. z1A:I WebIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc. EWG is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit corporation, EIN 52-2148600. Are corroded batteries dangerous? Help your clients keep their pets safe by sharing this room-by-room pet poison checklist with them. EAFUS [Everything Added to Food]: A Food Additive Database. After a release of cyanide into the air, people can be exposed through skin contact or eye contact, or inhaling (breathing in) the cyanide gas. WebSymptoms from swallowing potassium hydroxide include: Burns and severe pain in the mouth and throat; Throat swelling, which leads to difficulty breathing; Drooling; Severe It is present in the chemicals used to develop photographs. Together we discover. Plus, discover pet-friendly alternatives to melting snow and ice. If you do not allow these cookies we will not know when you have visited our site, and will not be able to monitor its performance. This national hotline will let you talk to experts in poisoning. Blot your skin for 10 seconds, then rub for 10 seconds any places on your skin or in your hair where you can see or feel liquid. URAC's accreditation program is an independent audit to verify that A.D.A.M. Cookies used to make website functionality more relevant to you. Use anything that will soak up water. Its safe to dispose of household alkaline batteries with your regular garbage. Skin irritation, redness, and blackened or dead skin can be symptoms of chemical burns. treatment hotline: Dangers and Veterinary Treatments for Household Battery Ingestion, 2023 American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. Solid cyanide released into water can also produce hydrogen cyanide gas (HCN or AC) resulting in possibly inhaling (breathing in) the gas. The UFCOM-J offers accredited graduate medical education residency and fellowship programs, in addition to non-standard fellowship programs. Following a release of cyanide into water, people can be exposed by touching or drinking water. If youre having your car battery replaced, your mechanic will most likely dispose of the lead battery for you. may include vomiting, diarrhea. It is commonly known as lye or potash. CDC twenty four seven. It can be easy to forget that the batteries you use to power your toys, electronics, household appliances, and vehicles are actually filled with dangerous chemicals. Wash the outside of the container before using. Do not scrub! NSAIDs can potentially worsen ulcerations and are not recommended for the treatment of pain in patients exposed to alkalis. How Our website services, content, and products are for informational purposes only.
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