Select the correct answer. Important indigenous crops that transformed Europe were the potato and maize, which produced abundant crops that led to the expansion of populations in Europe. The Audiencias were initially constituted by the crown as a key administrative institution with royal authority and loyalty to the crown as opposed to conquerors and first settlers. The Caribbean islands became less central to Spain's overseas colonization, but remained important strategically and economically, especially the islands of Cuba and Hispaniola. The British Empire offered support, wanting to end the Spanish monopoly on trade with its colonies in the Americas. Spanish conquerors holding grants of indigenous labor in encomienda ruthlessly exploited them. [115] They were in charge of distributing land to the neighbors, establishing local taxes, dealing with the public order, inspecting jails and hospitals, preserving the roads and public works such as irrigation ditchs and bridges, supervising the public health, regulating the festive activities, monitoring market prices, or the protection of Indians. To satisfy his debts to the Welsers, he granted them the right to colonize and exploit western Venezuela, with the proviso that they found two towns with 300 settlers each and construct fortifications. Is there any instances where the Spaniards conquered places to spread religious belief?? Instituto Bibliogrfico Mexicano 1961, Gibson, Charles. The Central African Empire was a short-lived and self-proclaimed "imperial" one-party state ruled by an absolute monarch that replaced the Central African Republic. The Viceroyalty of Per was established in 1542. A well-connected settler in Cuba, Hernn Corts received authorization in 1519 by the governor of Cuba to form an expedition of exploration-only to this far western region. The Taino population on Hispaniola went from hundreds of thousands or millions the estimates by scholars vary widely but in the mid-1490s, they were practically wiped out. [104] With the 1508 papal grant to the crown of the Patronato real, the crown, rather than the pope, exercised absolute power over the Catholic Church in the Americas and the Philippines, a privilege the crown zealously guarded against erosion or incursion. The Spanish royal government called its overseas possessions "The Indies" until its empire dissolved in the nineteenth century. Spanish settlement in Mexico largely replicated the organization of the area in preconquest times while in Peru, the center of the Incas was too far south, too remote, and at too high an altitude for the Spanish capital. 1492: La Navidad is established on the island of Hispaniola; it was destroyed by the following year. It consisted of a number of opposing views about the way natives were to be integrated into colonial life, their conversion to Christianity and their rights and obligations. Spalding, Karen. On 31 March 1492, the Catholic Monarch ordered the expulsion of the Jews in Spain who refused to convert to Christianity. Caste system. Spaniards had seen the disappearance of the indigenous populations in the Caribbean, and with that, the disappearance of their main source of wealth, propelling Spaniards to expand their regions of control. history of Latin America, history of the region from the pre-Columbian period and including colonization by the Spanish and Portuguese beginning in the 15th century, the 19th-century wars of independence, and developments to the end of the 20th century. Spalding, Karen. [152] 1492: The Conquest of Paradise stars Grard Depardieu as Columbus and Sigorney Weaver as Queen Isabel. The Spanish did not find any gold in the Americas, but they did establish large plantations B. It is estimated that during the colonial period (14921832), a total of 1.86million Spaniards settled in the Americas, and a further 3.5million immigrated during the post-colonial era (18501950); the estimate is 250,000 in the 16th century and most during the 18th century, as immigration was encouraged by the new Bourbon dynasty.[2]. respond to failed pueblo revolt in 1598?, The ---1-- of the Spanish Armada by the --2-- empire demonstrated a more --3-- ships against a much larger warships. Pope Alexander VI in a 4 May 1493 papal decree, Inter caetera, divided rights to lands in the Western Hemisphere between Spain and Portugal on the proviso that they spread Christianity. The population of the Native American population in Mexico declined by an estimated 90% (reduced to 12.5 million people) by the early 17th century. Once the Spanish settlement in the Caribbean occurred, Spain and Portugal formalized a division of the world between them in the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas. Other notable historical figures in the production are Malinche, Corts cultural translator, and other conquerors Pedro de Alvarado, Cristbal de Olid, Bernal Daz del Castillo. Map of the land division determined by the Treaty of Tordesillas. The monarchy was abolished and the republic was restored on 21 September 1979. The Jesuits were effective missionaries in frontier areas until their expulsion from Spain and its empire in 1767. [151] Christopher Columbus: The Discovery (1992) has Georges Corroface as Columbus with Marlon Brando as Toms de Torquemada and Tom Selleck as King Ferdinand and Rachel Ward as Queen Isabela. [citation needed]. Miller, Gary. In the following years, Spain extended its rule over the Empire of the Inca civilization. The spanish, of course, wanted power over natives and africans (and justified their power and enforced it through various means), so created the caste system. Posted 4 years ago. They pursued a policy of joint rule of their kingdoms and created the initial stage of a single Spanish monarchy, completed under the eighteenth-century Bourbon monarchs. While they all shared a desire for wealth and power, their motivations for colonization differed somewhat, and thus the pattern and success of their colonies varied significantly. Among the foodstuffs that became staples in European cuisine and could be grown there were tomatoes, squashes, bell peppers, and to a lesser extent, chili peppers; also nuts of various kinds: walnut]]s, cashews, pecans, and peanuts. Although the structure of the indigenous cabildo looked similar to that of the Spanish institution, its indigenous functionaries continued to follow indigenous practices. . London, England: Penguin Classics. A second (and permanent) settlement was established in 1580 by Juan de Garay, who arrived by sailing down the Paran River from Asuncin, now the capital of Paraguay. In southern Central and South America, settlements were founded in Panama (1519); Len, Nicaragua (1524); Cartagena (1532); Piura (1532); Quito (1534); Trujillo (1535); Cali (1537) Bogot (1538); Quito (1534); Cuzco 1534); Lima (1535); Tunja, (1539); Huamanga (1539); Arequipa (1540); Santiago de Chile (1544) and Concepcin, Chile (1550). Mercury was a monopoly of the crown. Cattle multiplied quickly in areas where little else could turn a profit for Spaniards, including northern Mexico and the Argentine pampas. Judges (oidores) held "formidable power. In Peru, the Cerro Rico's ore was processed from the local mercury mine of Huancavelica, while in Mexico mercury was imported from the Almadn mercury mine in Spain. Enslaved Africans were imported to Spanish territories, primarily to Cuba. Q. Virtually all expeditions after the Columbus voyages, which were funded by the crown of Castile, were done at the expense of the leader of the expedition and its participants. i think those dresses look horrid on toughs poor little girls. Direct link to Stephen White's post I've read that the reason, Posted 3 years ago. The film starred Robert De Niro, Jeremy Irons, and Liam Neeson and It won an Academy Award. "The Bourbon Reforms" in, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFEncyclopedia_of_Latin_American_History_and_Culture1996 (, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBedini1992 (, Cook, Noble David. 1496: Santo Domingo, the first European permanent settlement, is built. Chipman, Donald E. and Joseph, Harriett Denise. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. The crown had authority to draw the boundaries for dioceses and parishes. Until his dying day, Columbus was convinced that he had reached Asia, the Indies. The Spanish conquest. [59], The Spanish brought new crops for cultivation. Therefore, the mountains were a they acted as a barrier to further settlement to the west. In Mexico, Hernn Corts and the men of his expedition founded of the port town of Veracruz in 1519 and constituted themselves as the town councilors, as a means to throw off the authority of the governor of Cuba, who did not authorize an expedition of conquest. As with many other royal posts, these positions were sold, starting in 1677. [66], The politics of asserting royal authority to oppose Columbus resulted in the suppression of his privileges and the creation of territorial governance under royal authority. [156], For the conquest of Mexico, a 2019 eight-episode Mexican TV miniseries Hernn depicts the conquest of Mexico. [118] In order to control the municipal life, the Crown ordered the appointment of corregidores and alcaldes mayores to exert greater political control and judicial functions in minor districts. Disease and overwork, disruption of family life and the agricultural cycle (which caused severe food shortages to Spaniards dependent on them) rapidly decimated the indigenous population. A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies. Why can't they treat the native people with respect? When the Catholic Monarchs gave official approval for the plans for Columbus's voyage to reach "the Indies" by sailing West, the funding came from the queen of Castile. In Peru, Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro (1471-1541) demanded that the Incan Emperor Atahualpa (ca. [111] This direct correspondence of the Audiencia with the Council of the Indies made it possible for the council to give the Audiencia direction on general aspects of government.[108]. Europeans immigrated from various provinces of Spain, with initial waves of emigration consisting of more men than women. One was by Francisco Hernndez de Crdoba in 1517, another by Juan de Grijalva in 1518, which brought promising news of possibilities there. 1 (2012): 26-40. Audiencia judgments and other functions became more tied to the locality and less to the crown and impartial justice. Direct link to dcervante0051's post what were the spanish ast, Posted 5 years ago. In the following years the conquistadors and indigenous allies extended control over Greater Andes Region. American-born elite men complained bitterly about the change, since they lost access to power that they had enjoyed for nearly a century.[109]. Q2: Option D. The primary economic interest of French and Dutch colonists in North America was the fur trade. [100], In 2000, Pope John Paul II apologized for the wrongs done by the Catholic Church, including those to indigenous peoples. In the 1480s, Pope Sixtus IV had granted Portugal the right to all land south of the Cape Verde islands, leading the Portuguese king to claim that the lands discovered by Columbus belonged to Portugal, not Spain. The crown attempted to curb Spaniards' exploitation, banning Spaniards' bequeathing their private grants of indigenous communities' tribute and encomienda labor in 1542 in the New Laws. Lockhart and Schwartz, Early Latin America, pp. During the Bourbon Reforms in the mid-eighteenth century, the crown systematically sought to centralize power in its own hands and diminish that of its overseas possessions, appointing peninsular-born Spaniards to Audiencias. [106] Until the eighteenth century, there were just two viceroyalties, with the Viceroyalty of New Spain (founded 1535) administering North America, a portion of the Caribbean, and the Philippines, and the viceroyalty of Peru (founded 1542) having jurisdiction over Spanish South America. [147] With only a small labor force to draw on, ranching was an ideal economic activity for some regions. In areas of dense, stratified indigenous populations, especially Mesoamerica and the Andean region, Spanish conquerors awarded perpetual private grants of labor and tribute to particular indigenous settlements, in encomienda they were in a privileged position to accumulate private wealth. Cuba and Puerto Rico were lost to the United States in 1898, following the SpanishAmerican War, ending its colonial rule in the Americas. Later conquests in Mexico were protracted campaigns with less immediate results than the conquest of the Aztec Empire. Spanish explorers with hopes of conquest in the New World were known as, Hoping to gain power over the city, Corts took, Following his defeat, Corts slowly created alliances and recruited tens of thousands of native peoples who resented Aztec rule. Lockhart and Schwartz, Early Latin America, p.89. What events in the timeline affected the development of government in the thirteen colonies--. Question 1. The capital Lima was built near the Pacific coast. [111] Besides court of justice, the Audiencias had functions of government as counterweight the authority of the viceroys, since they could communicate with both the Council of the Indies and the king without the requirement of requesting authorization from the viceroy. Europeans imported enslaved Africans to the early Caribbean settlements to replace indigenous labor and enslaved and free Africans were part of colonial-era populations. Best was gold, but silver was found in abundance. [1], The Spanish Empire would expand across the Caribbean Islands, half of South America, almost all of Central America and most of North America. [127], Christian evangelization of non-Christian peoples was a key factor in Spaniards' justification of the conquest of indigenous peoples in what was called "the spiritual conquest". [157] The story of Doa Marina, also known as Malinche, was the subject of a Mexican TV miniseries in 2018. Maya society under colonial rule: The collective enterprise of survival. Latin America is generally understood to consist of the entire continent of South America in addition to Mexico, Central America, and the . Direct link to d042's post how do I Define the term , Posted 3 years ago. [60] The crown sought to establish and maintain control over its overseas possessions through a complex, hierarchical bureaucracy, which in many ways was decentralized. More spanish blood equaled more power. Inspired by tales of rivers of gold and timid, malleable native peoples, later Spanish explorers were relentless in their quest for land and gold. The salary of officials during the Habsburg era were paltry, but the corregidor or alcalde mayor in densely populated areas of indigenous settlement with a valuable product could use his office for personal enrichment. Spanish possession and rule of its remaining colonies in the Americas ended in that year with its sovereignty transferred to the United States. Zumrraga was reprimanded for his actions as exceeding his authority. In addition, indigenous accounts were written by the defeated from the Aztec capital, Tenochtitlan, a case of history being written by those other than the victors. It was translated quickly to English and became the basis for the anti-Spanish writings, collectively known as the Black Legend. Archbishop Juan Rodrguez de Fonseca, Isabella's confessor, was tasked with reining in Columbus's independence. The monarchy took most of it, and the rest was spread across lords and ladies. Direct link to Bailey's post So did the Caste System d, Posted 5 years ago. [112] The Bourbon-era intendants were appointed and relatively well paid. Horses that escaped Spanish control were captured by indigenous; many indigenous also raided for horses. Spaniards saw the dense populations of indigenous peoples as an important economic resource and the territory claimed as potentially producing great wealth for individual Spaniards and the crown. There was surface gold found in early islands, and holders of encomiendas put the indigenous to work panning for it. Spanish universities expanded to train lawyer-bureaucrats (letrados) for administrative positions in Spain and its overseas empire. The Mapuche people of Chile, whom the Spaniards called Araucanians, resisted fiercely. [58] In southern Chile and the pampas, the Araucanians (Mapuche) prevented further Spanish expansion. The veedor, or overseer, position quickly disappeared in most jurisdictions, subsumed into the position of factor. The two main areas of Spanish settlement after 1550 were Mexico and Peru, the sites of the Aztec and Inca indigenous civilizations. "Hoofprints: Cattle Ranching and Landscape Transformation" in, Brevisima relacin de la destruccin de las Indias, Spanish colonization attempt of the Strait of Magellan, First relation letter from Pedro de Valdivia to emperor Charles V, forced resettlement of indigenous populations, Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas, Latin American economy Colonial era and Independence (ca. God, Gold, and Glory. Image credit: Columbuss discovery opened a floodgate of Spanish exploration. Important ones include Santiago de Guatemala (1524); Puebla (1531); Quertaro (ca. In the face of the impossibility of the Castilian institutions to take care of the New World affairs, other new institutions were created. They were initially a scarce commodity, but horse breeding became an active industry. [35][36], Argentina was not conquered or later exploited in the grand fashion of central Mexico or Peru, since the indigenous population was sparse and there were no precious metals or other valuable resources. The first two were in the Alto Per, present-day Bolivia, at Charcas (present day Sucre, 25 May), and La Paz (16 July); and the third in present-day Ecuador at Quito (10 August). The structure of the hierarchy was in many ways parallel to that of civil governance. Q4 . Lockhart and Schwartz, Early Latin America, pp. The New Laws of 1542 were the result, limiting the power of encomenderos, the private holders of grants to indigenous labor previously held in perpetuity. Upon the success of the expedition, the spoils of war were divvied up in proportion to the amount a participant initially staked, with the leader receiving the largest share.
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