The Paragons Meet The Jesters was one of the seminal albums of the era, at least for the large number of us New York-area kids who knew what real street corner harmony was; it was originally released on Jubilee. Why were you traveling with the gospel group, what group did you sing with or were you a groupie? Ben sang and carried himself with great class on the stage and in the gospel field. Graham, cousin Monroe Hatchett and cousins-in-law Willis Johnson and Alfred Brownlee. Malacos Former Employee Bill Isaacs Has Passed Away. Server error occurred while getting Memorial. The expulsion caused Graham a nervous breakdown. For example. He joined the group in 1970. Our heartfelt condolences and prayers are being sent out on behalf of Clay Grahams family, friends and especially those who had the opportunity of worshipping with him in the music industry. Padfield's diary, which was written, as he tells his mother, 'in great haste, on a table . The Pilgrim Jubilees. Liposuction Sydney $1,000, One of thirteen children born to Columbus and Josephine Chandler Graham, Clay Graham was born August 26, 1936. Your privacy is important to us! , inspired Edna Gallmon Cookes manager, Barney Parks, to hire them to complete a series of scheduled bookings that an ailing Cooke could not fulfill. [4]:30, In 1830, Graham accepted a position at the Philadelphia Temperance Society. Over its long history, the group has undergone numerous personnel changes. Landlords use Whitepages TenantCheck . The Church of God teaches the full restoration of the gifts to the church. You are nearing the transfer limit for memorials managed by Find a Grave. One of thirteen children born August 26, 1936 to the late Columbus and Josephine . Other artists include JImmie Lee, Del Graham, Effie Smith (two outstanding unissued sides), Mari Jones (with Johnny Moore's 3 Blazers), Vivianne Green and others. [4]:31 Graham's interest was also captured by the books written by the German chemist, Friedrich Accum, called Treatise on Adulteration of Foods, and Culinary Poisons, in which he denounced the use of chemical additives in food and especially in bread, and Treatise on the Art of Making Good and Wholesome Bread. The Lord Is Blessing Me. featured some of the Jubes most popular songs sung in front of appreciative audiences. Thanks for your help! May God continue to surround The Family with His MightyPower. The new millennium saw the Jubes release more Malaco albums: Were You There (2000), The Year of Jubilee (2003) and Jesus Got Me Off (2007). Soon after signing to Peacock in 1960, the band gained national exposure with their label debut, "Stretch Out." Prepare yourself for a life changing journey to walk where Jesus walked and visit Jerusalem, Galilee, & Samaria. As a "Faith, Fantasy, and Fiction" blog, we cover topics like children's literature, apologetics and philosophy, myths and mythology, fantasy, theology, cultural critique, art and writing. I am so sorry to hear that Clay Graham has died. Soon thereafter, Rufus Crume left the group, becoming a member in The Soul Stirrers. [10] A notable member of the APS was Mary Gove Nichols, who gave health lectures to women. Bob Marovich2020-02-04T03:00:16-06:00February 4th, 2020|, Look at God Darrell Luster featuring the Legends of Quartet 4 Winds Records / Malaco Music Group (release date: February 2020) www.malaco.com By Bob Marovich What if Spencer Taylor Jr. of the Highway QCs, Rev. We looked forward to The Jubes coming to the Baptist Building for Stretch Out Day with Darling Helen Smith Lumpkins and Quartets on Parade. [4]:29 He published his first book in 1837, Treatise on Bread and Bread-Making, which included a history of bread and described how to make Graham bread. My condolences to the Graham family on your loss of a real sweet and dear person Mr. Clay Graham his memories will always be dear and sweet to our families. Your account has been locked for 30 minutes due to too many failed sign in attempts. [1] Those labels were Nashboro Records, Peacock Records, Savoy Records, Malaco Records, MCA Records, and Benson Records. The group's new release is "Redeemed." Prayers are with you all.RIH a great legend Clay Graham. (1994). Matthew 5:4. From the Dixie Travelers & CheeseBurger Bro. "A Pilgrim in Narnia" is a blog project in reading and talking about the work of C.S. I never met the spectacular group in person but listened to them often VIA UTube, on a nightly basis, but I was elated to hear those guys sang those old gospel renditions, they were some it the best! You have permission to edit this article. Although Major Roberson died in 2010, Cleave and Clay Graham continue to sustain the Pilgrim Jubilees from Chicago. As soon as he was old enough, Clay Graham became a member. Use the 'Report' link on [4]:30 Moving in that company, Graham may have met two of the other fathers of American vegetarianism: William Metcalfe, an English minister who established a vegetarian church in Philadelphia, and William A. Alcott, a Philadelphia doctor who wrote extensively about vegetarianism and wrote the first American vegetarian cookbook. My very favorite sermonette from you was The Three Trees. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Five of those albums charted on the Billboard magazine charts. our brother! [20], Graham died of complications after receiving opium enemas, as directed by his doctor, at the age of 57 at home in Northampton, Massachusetts. Clay Graham was a legend in the gospel world. Following in the footsteps of his older brothers, he and his brother, Cleve Graham took charge of the Pilgrim Jubilees in 1952. Cleve Graham - Trouble Don't Last Always. Since the early '50s, the Pilgrim Jubilee Singers have used their hard, rockin' gospel music as a powerful means of testifying their faith, love, and charitable hope that humanity will find a way to bring. Resend Activation Email. ABILITY SMARTFORCE Attendance ABILITY SMARTFORCE Credentialer ABILITY SMARTFORCE Physician ABILITY SMARTFORCE Scheduler AUTOMATE esMD CAREWATCH Milton Biggham. He had a career in Gospel Quartet singing spanning 60 years. You was a phenomenal gospel singer who made us feel Gods Holy Spirit through song. No reviews yet. Pandora Harris; Montgomery Al. It is not at all unusual to catch them appearing at a Sunday evening multi-artist quartet program on Chicago's West Side. There are four very fine cuts by unknown performers - a couple of them sound familiar so maybe some of you blues sleuths can figure out who they are. They gave my kids a ride home to Chicago when they were small and my girls never forgot it. There, another Soul Stirrer, S.R. Share with Us. Capturing the quartet in program at Dunbar High School. Cleave and family, our condolences. By 1942, the group had moved to Los Angeles and was joined by Kylo Turner and Keith Barber. You may request to transfer up to 250,000 memorials managed by Find a Grave. [10] It was also the first American natural hygiene organization. There is 1 volunteer for this cemetery. Please reset your password. Products. The album featured a Clay sermonette called. Malaco is home to many recording artists and songwriters, a catalog of thousands of original recordings and song copyrights. 07. To recover, he moved to Little Compton, Rhode Island. Capturing the quartet in program at Dunbar High School, Homecoming was the first of many live albums to follow. It is not at all unusual to catch them appearing at a Sunday evening multi-artist quartet program on Chicagos West Side. For example, Little Willie graced the 1989 album Back to Basics, while 1991s Family Affair introduced True Story to a new generation of listeners. The Year of Jubilee. Please check your email and click on the link to activate your account. [10], In 1837, Graham and David Cambell founded The Graham Journal of Health and Longevity. [4]:30, Graham's appointment and conversion to vegetarianism came as the 182951 cholera pandemic was breaking in Europe, and Americans were terrified that it would reach the United States. God bless his wife and children and the great Pilgrim Jubilees. Founder of Journal of Gospel Music blog (formally The Black Gospel Blog) and producer of the Gospel Memories Radio Show. It also witnessed the Jubes induction into the American Gospel Quartet Convention Hall of Fame (2001). accounts, the history behind an article. Bob Marovich is a gospel music historian, author, and radio host. This shocking loss of life is hard for these young students to processand hard for their parents to explain. [9][10][11] Alcott was first President of the Society. Malacos Former Employee Bill Isaacs Has Passed Away. or anything. Read Full Biography. I have always loved the Jubes. To The Graham Family and The Jubes. They added fellow Mississippian Major Roberson, formerly of the Pilgrim Harmonizers; Robertson was a songwriter who became the groups booking manager. All Rights Reserved. Clay Graham of The Pilgrim Jubilees Has Passed Away. Special Salary Rate Table 2022. Crain, introduced the men to Art Rupe of Specialty Records. [14] It was "designed to illustrate by facts, and sustain by reason and principles the science of human life as taught by Sylvester Graham". As soon as he was old enough, Clay Graham became a member. If you keep seeing this error please email us. Mr Clay works will forever be a part of my household, He was the 13th of 13 children. Browse our online biographies for each of our artists below. Chicago's pioneers, The Pilgrim Jubilees from Malaco Records were next and their theme song was "Too Close" featuring Clay & Cleve Graham. Hannahs Healing House, Evangelist Mary Tillman St Louis, MO [4]:31 Graham taught himself about physiology and apparently arrived at his own conclusion that meat was just as much an expression of and spur to gluttony as alcohol was, that they corrupted both the body and soul of individuals and harmed families and society. He joined the group in 1970. As both a solo act and seminal member of a number of successful bands. Graham led an esteemed career in the Gospel music industry and was a mentor to many others. . Following in the footsteps of his older brothers, he and his brother, Cleve Graham took charge of the Pilgrim Jubilees in 1952. We will always love and remember you. The Pilgrim Jubilee Singers were formed. The e-mail address you provide will be used only to send you the newsletter; we wont share it with anyone. Additional Peacock hits included Wonderful, Old Ship of Zion, Steal Away and the two-part A Childs Blood. Facebook. They gained two more members during the 1990s: Eddie Graham, a cousin, and Fred Price. No less than five of their Malaco albums made the. The disc also impressed A&R man Dave Clark. Clay Graham, Pilgrim Jubilees lead singer, dead at 80, The Philadelphia Tribune's Black History Month Celebration, Coard: My mayoral and other election endorsements, Philadelphia mayoral poll shows virtual tie, Brother of Dunkin victim, Rachel King, seeks death penalty for shooter, Three people dead after quadruple shooting in Northeast Philadelphia, police say, The Links opens Eastern Area Conference with a neo-soul sound, 3 killed, 1 wounded in Philadelphia shooting; 2 in custody, The cast of 'Sweet Tooth' discusses what to expect from second season, Philadelphia mayoral polls show top 5 candidates close; Parker, Rhynhart lead each, Report addresses Philadelphia's government hiring crisis. Please avoid obscene, vulgar, lewd, Billy Graham Monday, May 17, 2021, 9/8c. Two southern RepublicansLindsey Graham, S.C., and Mel Martinez, Fla., who was born in Cubasupported it. Congratulations to our friend, Dr. Bill Ferris. The Pilgrim Jubilees today, along with the Caravans, have the most members still living that came up during the civil rights era. You can always change this later in your Account settings. Ann Yancy, 87, a lead soloist at Greater Harvest Missionary Baptist Church, and Clay Graham, 81, a recording artist, songwriter and lead singer with the Pilgrim Jubilee singers, both died last month in Chicago. Thank you Mrs. Graham for sharing this spiritual legacy with the World! Find album reviews, track lists, credits, awards and more at AllMusic. Stephen Stills is an American singer, songwriter, and multi-instrumentalist best known for his work with Buffalo Springfield and Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young. The Jubes disbanded briefly in 1947 when Hoppy migrated to Chicago, but he reassembled the quartet in 1950 when Elgie, Cleave and Monroe joined him up North. The Jubes 1959 Nashboro disc. Mr Clay Graham will be missed he bought so much to the gospel ? Bless Your House Clay, Cleve Graham and The Pilgrim Jubilees. The Pilgrim Jubilees, also known as The Pilgrim Jubilee Singers, are an American traditional black gospel music group originally from the cities of Jackson, Mississippi and Chicago, Illinois, where they were established by Elgie Graham and Willie Johnson, in 1934.The group have released 25 albums with six record labels Nashboro Records, Peacock Records, Savoy Records, Malaco Records, MCA . Following in the footsteps of his older brothers, he and his brother, Cleve Graham took charge of the Pilgrim Jubilees in 1952. To obtain your copy of this project contact Twin Towers Entertainment. [4]:31 His belief was influenced by the book Treatise on Physiology by Franois-Joseph-Victor Broussais, published in Philadelphia in 1826, that claimed what people ate had enormous influence on their health. [1], They released 24 more albums,[4] with five of those charting on the Billboard magazine Gospel Albums chart:[5] Gospel Roots at No. C.w.Vance, lead singer Might Gospel Warriors,Bruce,Ms ,loves me sum Jubes, Mr.Clay always encouraged us to give it our all, I think it was because we was his homeboys, and Mr.Clay I promise, I Wont Let him Down!!! Graham was born in 1794 in Suffield, Connecticut, to a family with 17 children; his father was 72 years old when Graham was born and his mother was mentally ill. His father died when Graham was two, and he spent his childhood moving from one relative's home to another. #MalacoDeaths #MalacoRecords #MalacoGospel. He. One of thirteen children born August 26, 1936 to the late Columbus and Josephine Chandler Graham. Mississippi style!!! [4]:30 He left six months later to focus on preaching health. He persuaded the Jubes to sign with Peacock Records. This "modern" monastery is close to St. Francis' pilgrimage routes in Umbria, also known as Italy's "Little Tibet." Ben and Cleave Graham could really sing. [2] Graham believed that adhering to such diet would prevent people from having impure thoughts and in turn would stop masturbation (thought by Graham to be a catalyst for blindness and early death[6]:16). Although Major Roberson died in 2010, Cleave and Clay Graham continue to sustain the Pilgrim Jubilees from Chicago. Clay a Great SingerUmmm My Lord!!! One of thirteen children born to Columbus and Josephine Chandler Graham, Clay Graham was born August 26, 1936. Libra is presently working on several scholarly projects about gospel music in the media as well as gospel music in social movements. inspired the graham flour, graham bread, and graham cracker products. R.I.P. They strengthened their local visibility further by splitting the cost of a 15-minute program on radio station WSBC with the Spiritual Five quartet. Prayers and condolences to the family. It is very large, so make sure to measure your space before purchasing. Clay C. Graham. She is the daughter of gospel singers Josephine Howard of The Caravans, and Clay Graham (1936-2018) of The Pilgrim Jubilees. It has been described as "likely the first exclusively vegetarian organization in the United States". King, Bob Margolin, and Taj Mahal. Robert M. Marovich Essential Albums The Pilgrim Jubilees "Live In Birmingham" In Revival Live In Birmingham Year should not be greater than current year. Please enter your email address and we will send you an email with a reset password code. Is Cleve Graham of the pilgrim jubilees still alive does the pilgrim jubilees still book programs. [17][18], In 1850, Alcott, William Metcalfe, Russell Trall, and Graham founded the American Vegetarian Society in New York City,[19] modeled on a similar organization established in Great Britain in 1847. Each of our Israel tours are led by a local guide who is an experienced expert on the historical . He was 80. The Jubes returned to Nashboro briefly from 1976 to 80, cutting Homecoming: Recorded Live in Chicago in 1979. I am missing him already. Happy birthday to Cleve Graham of The Pilgrim Jubilees! Formed in 1944 in Houston, Miss., the Pilgrim Jubilee Singers (later shortened to the Pilgrim Jubilees, or the Jubes) began as a family quartet consisting of brothers Theophilus Hoppy Graham and Elgie C. B. Graham, cousin Monroe Hatchett and cousins-in-law Willis Johnson and Alfred Brownlee. The Journal of Gospel Music learned that Mr. Clay Graham of the legendary gospel quartet the Pilgrim Jubilees has passed away. Weve updated the security on the site. 1978 2001 was some good years for us!!! For more information, contact bobm@journalofgospelmusic.com or call (773) 576-2378. Nearly every Malaco album, in fact, carried a Clay sermonette. There, he met and married Sara Earl, who had nursed him back to health. Please complete the captcha to let us know you are a real person. Written by New Zealander Alan Young. Lov u always.ill still b singing ( ill take you thre fo a long time) my all tim fav especilly een we go to Myrtl Beach sc . [4], Their first recording contract was with Nashboro Records, where they made singles, and this gained them enough revenue to be an operable band, while they were originating out of two barbershops owned by Cleve and Clay.[1]. [21] Historian Stephen Nissenbaum has written that Graham died "after violating his own strictures by taking liquor and meat in a last desperate attempt to recover his health". God bless the family of Mr. Graham. The Jubes commented on their Facebook page, We will miss him dearly and there will never be another!. Dr. William Reynolds Ferris, former chairman of the National Endowment for the Humanities, will receive Read More, It is with great sadness that one of our former long term employees has passed Read More, By Chris Townsend If you have been paying attention at all in 2019, you couldnt Read More. We will be missed but not forgotten! The Pilgrim Jubilees influenced a lot of today's gospel music. "Silence is a luxury today: Modern man seems unable to stay still, relax and meditate," says Marcello Murzilli, a designer famous in the 1990s who decided to give up fashion for the divine. Rest in peace Clay from the Black Gospel Quartet Lovers on Facebook and from Bright Star Productions Apex,NC you will be missed!!!! Featuring three man-made caverns formed as part of a slate quarry in the Loveny Valley, Carnglaze Caverns may not be a natural cave carved out by the sea, but it is still a very . One of thirteen children born August 26, 1936 to the late Columbus and Josephine Chandler Graham. Somethings we should not divulge, remember we all have skeletons and I dont think Clay was 89 when he died. [1]:15 He worked as a farmhand, cleaner, and teacher before deciding on the ministry as an antidote for his poor health. This account already exists, but the email address still needs to be confirmed. Graham led an esteemed career in the Gospel music industry and was a mentor to many others. (1995) was another live CD of new and old favorites, this time recorded at Birminghams Alabama Theatre for the Performing Arts. During their years with Peacock (19591975), the Jubes hit their stride. Opportunity to sing on the same programs with Bro Clay. Survivors are: wife, Gloria Chandler GiGi; ten children, three sisters, a host of grandchildren and other relatives and friends. Obituaries and death notices are paid. In 1976 the lineup included founding members Clay Graham, Cleave Graham, and Major Roberson, with the additions of Bobby McDougle, Michael Atkins, and Ben Chandler. In 1976 the lineup included founding members Clay Graham, Cleave Graham, and Major Roberson, with the additions of Bobby McDougle, Michael Atkins, and Ben Chandler. From your fan in Detroit. As soon as he was old enough, younger brother Clay Graham became a member. Whitepages is the authority in people search, established in 1997. Three years later, they debuted what would become a longstanding association with Malaco with Gospel Roots. They tell of arriving in a distant town so short of money they can't afford to refuel the car, then discovering their concert has been canceled. He persuaded the Jubes to sign with Peacock Records. Memphis is praying for you. We loved the Jubes. Traveled thoughtout Ohio, to hear them whenever in town. cd-roms. Hi, Richard Yes, Cleve is still with us as of March 21, 2022. There was a problem getting your location. Clay will be greatly missed. The census can be a valuable tool to use when . One of thirteen children born August 26, 1936 to the late Columbus and Josephine Chandler Graham. While growing up in Mississippi, all four Graham brothers were trained to sing. Please contact Find a Grave at [emailprotected] if you need help resetting your password. One of my favorites of his and my daughter were those Three Trees. Written by New Zealander Alan Young, The Pilgrim Jubilees was published in 2001 by the University Press of Mississippi. No racism, sexism or any sort of -ism Learn more about managing a memorial . Dr. William Reynolds Ferris, former chairman of the National Endowment for the Humanities, will receive Read More, It is with great sadness that one of our former long term employees has passed Read More, By Chris Townsend If you have been paying attention at all in 2019, you couldnt Read More. There is a problem with your email/password. Not one day/night I dont listen to Mr. Clays rendition of those three trees! Clay was the son of Columbus Graham and Josephine Graham. The group is from . Billy Graham Rapid Response Team (BG-RRT) chaplains are in Uvalde, Texas, to pray for those deeply affected by the May 24 elementary school shooting that left 21 dead and lifelong scars for survivors. The Pilgrim Jubilees are dear to the Quartet Lovers in St Louis! The first incarnation originated in the 1940s on the Mississippi Delta by Elgie and Theopholis Graham, but the most famous version of the Pilgrim Jubilees began in Chicago, 1952, when younger Graham brothers Clay and Cleve resurrected the group. that is degrading to another person. was published in 2001 by the University Press of Mississippi. Email or phone: Password: . His lectures in New York and Boston that year were thronged; the Boston lecture was disrupted by a threat of riots by butchers and commercial bakers. It is very large, so make sure to measure your space before purchasing. Trouble Don't Last Always - feat. Tolkien, and the worlds they touched. It also witnessed the Jubes induction into the American Gospel Quartet Convention Hall of Fame (2001). Since the early '50s, the Pilgrim Jubilee Singers have used their hard, rockin' gospel music as a powerful means of testifying their faith, love, and charitable hope that humanity will find a way to bring itself closer to the kingdom of heaven. The Pilgrim Jubilee Singers were formed. To use this feature, use a newer browser. Take your wings and fly my friend until we meet again. With the deepest of sympathy for this loss to all the family and friends of one of the few pioneers left in this quartet journey. Composers: The Pilgrim Jubilees . I will forever cherish the memories, pictures, laughter and fun we shared traveling up and down the highway singing praises to the Most High God. That same year, the Jubes were inducted into the American Gospel Quartet Convention Hall of Fame. However, members do prophesy, and miraculous signs are sought, based on the statement in Mark 16:17 that "signs shall follow them that believe" (KJV). based on information from your browser. As manager of this memorial you can add or update the memorial using the Edit button below. March 14th, 2018 By Bob Marovich The Journal of Gospel Music learned that Mr. Clay Graham of the legendary gospel quartet the Pilgrim Jubilees has passed away. is cleve graham of the pilgrim jubilees still living, Industrial Area: Lifting crane and old wagon parts, apartments for rent tulare, ca craigslist, when a hazard is seen ahead, reaction distance, this account is restricted to orders that close out schwab. Cleve Graham Joey Wolfolk - guitar Major Roberson Mann Burgess - vocals: Customer Reviews. He believed youthful masturbation was dangerous to children's health because of the immaturity of their reproductive organs. 19, Back to Basics at No. Continuing with this request will add an alert to the cemetery page and any new volunteers will have the opportunity to fulfill your request. Ive had the pleasure of meeting Clay and he was such a fun person to sit and talk to. [12][16] In 1840, the journal merged with the Library of Health, edited by Alcott. His piece On Self-Pollution, published in 1834, contributed to the masturbation scare in antebellum America. One of thirteen children born to Columbus and Josephine Chandler Graham, Clay Graham was born August 26, 1936. Jubilee Singers Tuesday, November 19, 2019, 9/8c. Rest in peace Deacon Chandler we will miss you. He would go on to fame as lead singer and sermonette spinner for the Pilgrim Jubilee Singers. Find this Pin and more on Mass chores singing praise toGod"" by Palace Mcconnell. True Story was based on a conversation Clay had with a North Side man who was beaten down by life and wondered whether the Lord would forget him when he died. My Deepest Condolences To The Family. "I'll Fly Away" will never be sung again such as Ben Chandler could sing it! Searching obituaries is a great place to start your family tree research. The Jubes disbanded briefly in 1947 when Hoppy migrated to Chicago, but he reassembled the quartet in 1950 when Elgie, Cleave and Monroe joined him up North. Cleaning the table is easy, and since it can be rolled around the room, vacuuming is not a problem. ), American clergyman whose advocacy of a health regimen emphasizing temperance and vegetarianism found lasting expression in the graham cracker, a household commodity in which lay the origin of the modern breakfast-cereal industry. We'd love to hear eyewitness Since the early '50s, the Pilgrim Jubilee Singers have used their hard, rockin' gospel music as a powerful means of testifying their faith, love, and charitable hope that humanity will find a way to bring. Be Truthful. You have chosen this person to be their own family member. It remains an essential title on gospel music history. Sylvester Graham, (born July 5, 1794, West Suffield, Conn., U.S.died Sept. 11, 1851, Northampton, Mass. . You can customize the cemeteries you volunteer for by selecting or deselecting below. [1]:29[2] Graham is often referred to as the "Father of Vegetarianism" in the United States of America. Shooting In Bristol Ct 2021, The first incarnation originated in the 1940s on the Mississippi Delta by Elgie and Theopholis Graham, but the most famous version of the Pilgrim Jubilees began in Chicago, 1952, when younger Graham brothers Clay and Cleve resurrected the group. (AP). "At 5, 6 . We have set your language to [1]:19,21[5][2] When the cholera epidemic reached New York in 1832, people who had followed his advice appeared to thrive, and his fame exploded. [1]:29[2] He neither invented nor endorsed any specific product, nor did he receive any money from their sale. Group members: Percy Clark, Richard Crume, Clay Graham, Cleve Graham, N. Major Roberson, Theopholis Graham, Elgie Graham. In particular, they introduced two elements that became emblematic of their sound: substitution of the bass guitar for the bass voice (, ) and Clays use of sermonettes, or brief morality stories, to introduce an old hymn or new song (, The Jubes returned to Nashboro briefly from 1976 to 80, cutting.
