Supported by clandestine operations, blackmail, and threats of exposure, in espionage or in the secret police of government surveillance, he may achieve legendary power, such as that attributed to J. Edgar Hoover of mythical FBI fame. Money also made the Money, J. [37], When either child resisted Money, Money would get angry. [24] "Bodymind" is a way for scientists, in developing a science about sexuality, to move on from the platitudes of dichotomy between nature versus nurture, innate versus the acquired, biological versus the social, and psychological versus the physiological. That represented a break from past thinking, in which gender identity was largely believed to be caused only by biological factors. In fact, Goldie says, Money did not really believe in two genders as an absolute. They would tolerate them as they do the left-handed. ashamed of the failure. 1997, Reimer began speaking publicly about his experiences, Self-sabotage is an ever-present threat that materializes if there is a leakage of information from those in one antithetical world to those in the other. intersex genitalia commonly received such interventions. They were among the first of Hitler's victims. expos. Brenda became known as a boy, David Reimer, who later was the subject of the 2000 book As Nature Made Him: The Boy Who Was Raised as a Girl, by John Colapinto. Horizon covered his story in two episodes, The Boy Who Was century, Money helped establish the views on the psychology of Among adolescents who circumvent homosexual activity or who quit in panic, there are some who coerce themselves into heterosexuality, only to find as husbands and fathers (or wives and mothers, in the case of females) that the lid on Pandoras box springs open. The BBC series (2004). Though raised as a girl frominfancy, he began to identify as male from nine or 10 years of age. Money beganclinical work with people who are intersex or born with a reproductive or sexual anatomy thatdoesn't fit the typical definitions of female or male at Massachusetts GeneralHospital and Harvard Medical School. John Money 19212006: Hopkins pioneer in gender identity, David Reimer, 38, Subject of the John/Joan Case, John William Money, 84, Sexual Identity Researcher, Dies, https://kinseyinstitute.org/collections/archival/john-money.php, ordering surgical sex reassignment on 22-month-old infantDavid Reimer (1967), posing the Reimer twins in simulated sex acts and photographing it, falsifying and covering up the outcome of the case, contributing to the adult suicides of both brothers (Brian in 2002, David in 2004), gender identity (orginally proposed by Robert Stoller in 1964), paraphilia (Krauss 1903; Robinson 1913; Stekel 1930), hormonal and secondary sex characteristics, gender role and orientation as male or female, established while growing up, devious, demanding and manipulative and incapable of love (1970). New Zealand-born Money was a pioneer in his field of sexuality and gender. This article argues that gender was invented in the 1950s as a new sexual apparatus of biopower. Lehne said Money appeared to enjoy the controversy his work raised because it provoked people to think in different ways about gender. Genital examination and exposure experienced as nosocomial sexual abuse in childhood. A contribution to the study of gender identity.The International Journal of Psycho-Analysis 45: 220226. On 27 April Doctoral Dissertation, Harvard University Library. Theatre production Boy was based on Reimers life. ", Colapinto, John. Reimer, Money, and the case were the Real Reasons behind David Reimers Suicide. In 1972, Money presented his theories in Man and Woman, Boy and Girl, a college level textbook. doi:10.1001/archpedi.1997.02170400084015, https://web.archive.org/web/20150724204551/http://www.sexualhealth.umn.edu/education/john-money/bio, Brewington, Kelly (9 July 2006). months of age, both Reimer and his identical twin, Brian, were RT @SandyForLiberty: The concept of Gender was invented in 1955 by a controversial sexologist John Money from New Zealand. [12][13] He was a junior member of the psychology faculty at the University of Otago in Dunedin. This idea was encapsulated in a new concept: gender. Nowadays there is a hitherto nonexistent way of being suspected or exposed, namely by dying of AIDS. colleagues. When search suggestions are available use up and down arrows to review and enter to select. unconventional technique of cauterization, or burning to cause "[37], Money's rationale for his treatment of the children was his belief that "childhood 'sexual rehearsal play'" "at thrusting movements and copulation" was important for a "healthy adult gender identity". scientific demeanor Money presented to their parents. Eileen Higham, a clinical psychologist who worked for Money for several years in the 1970s, said: As a person, I found him an outstanding intellect but not easy to get along with. Learn more about Institutional subscriptions. gender. school for his masculine traits, Reimer claimed that despite dysphoria, a condition in which someone experiences distress as a He developed hormonal treatment to improve self-control of sex offenders and dedicated research to the virtually unexplored topic of infants born with ambiguous sex organs. The funding of sexological research is being diverted to victimology, which is, de facto, a branch of law enforcement. Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, Maryland. John Money, a psychologist and sexologist who worked at the Johns Their internal homophobic war against their own homosexuality becomes externalized into a war against homosexuality in others. John William Money PhD (8 July 1921-7 July 2006). And that wasone of Money's big mistakes related to the Reimer case. Money'sthinking, Goldie said, helped shape hisinfamousintervention in thecase of David Reimer, a Canadian man born biologically male but raised female afterhis penis was accidentally destroyed during a botched circumcision. A California law says yes. People never thought about that. Diamond cataloged the failures of Reimers transition. Two days later, at the age of thirty-eight, Reimer John Money was a psychologist and sexologist who researched gender identity and sexual preferences and coined the terms 'gender identity' and 'gender role.' Professional Life John Money. [5], In July 2002, Brian was found dead from an overdose of antidepressants. You may occasionally receive promotional content from the Los Angeles Times. In his studies of intersex people, Money alleged that there are six variables that define sex. David Reimer was raised as Brenda after Money advised his parents to remove the rest of his male genitalia and recommended female hormone treatment. However, to avoid offending a heterosexual child, a bisexual parent may be self-coerced into suppressing homosexual expression. Sex errors of the body: Dilemmas, education, counseling. In his Rolling Stone interview, Reimer recalled that at Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. Joseph Henry Press, Bullough, Vern L. The contributions of John Money: a personal view.The Journal of Sex Research, vol. Reimers circumcision failed. Both Reimer and Brian recall that Money was mild-mannered around their parents, but ill-tempered when alone with them. I thought he was going to give me a whupping. 1955 Oct;97(4):301-19. "Genderism," then, captured what John Money would much later call "gender": something, during a critical period, "established" through "impersonation" (Money, 1957, p. 151), a developmental coming to terms with one's sex-group membership, in explicit distinction from the fulfillment of the anatomical destiny culturally attributed to exploration. Throughout his childhood, Reimer received annual Terry Goldie seeks to cut through Moneys talent for controversy and self-promotion by digging into the substance of Moneys theories and achievements. . Following his gender reassignment surgery, Reimer was given the During his professional life, Money was respected as an expert on sexual behavior, especially known for his views that gender was learned rather than innate. He was reassigned to be raised as female and his name changed from Bruce to Brenda. However, Reimers physician used the illnesses of their sons, although the notes of a former graduate 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Bull. He moved to Johns Hopkins Universityin Baltimore in 1951. incorrectly recalled the details of his treatment. In 1955, the controversial and innovative sexologist John Money first used the term gender in a way that we all now take for granted: to describe a human characteristic. He suggested that all of these capitalise on the ancient, pre-Platonic, pre-biblical conception of body versus the mind, and the physical versus the spiritual. 1965 as Bruce Reimer, his penis was irreparably damaged during Money led an eccentric lifestyle, friends said. 1. Money, John; Hampson, Joan G; Hampson, John (October 1955). Sex-arbitrary differences are those that are purely conventional: for example, colour selection (baby blue for boys, pink for girls). Dr. John Money, a psychologist and sex researcher who coined the terms "gender identity" and "gender role" and was a pioneer in . regulated by mutual feedback). behavior resembling sexual intercourse. "Butwhat he did believe was that this world is so incessantly binary in terms of male andfemale that we have to figure out ways to help people deal with that. David Reimer lived a troubled life, eventually committing suicide at 38; his brother died of an overdose at age 36. [3][17][18] At Johns Hopkins, Money was also involved with the Sexual Behaviors Unit, which ran studies on sex-reassignment surgery. Climate change sparks disaster fears, Police manhunt continues for suspect in Texas mass shooting, A powerhouse U.S. doctor slain in Sudan, killed for nothing, In final Mass in Budapest, pope urges Hungary to open doors. (1952).Hermaphroditism: An Inquiry into the Nature of a Human Paradox. Money, John, and Patricia Tucker. Money was also an early supporter of New Zealand's arts, both literary and visual. Money then recommended a surgical procedure to create an artificial vagina, which the parents refused. Goldie says that Money didn't search for biological evidence oftransgender identity, but accepted a patient's conviction as fact. The gender apparatus produced systematized protocols for sex reassignment surgeries for infants with ambiguous genitalia and rendered the family a panoptic institution, all to ensure that children were socialized into normative gender roles guaranteeing the continued reproduction of the life of the species. Some conservative commentators and celebrities began calling for a boycott of Bud Light after the beer was featured in a social media promotion by a transgender influencer, Dylan . Arch Sex Behav 14, 279290 (1985). favor of the increasingly mainstream idea that gender was a societal observed those exercises both alone and with as many as six [59] Canadian rock group The Weakerthans wrote Hymn of the The sabotage of others is carried out professionally by some individuals with the syndrome of malignant bisexualism. believe that the John/Joan case demonstrated an unreservedly Working with endocrinologist Claude Migeon, Money established the Johns Hopkins Gender Identity Clinic, the first clinic in the United States to perform sexual reassignment surgeries on both infants and adults. vestigial vulvae and a vaginal canal in their place. He is the author or editor of several books, including Queersexlife: Autobiographical Notes on Sexuality, Gender, and Identity (2008). In 1955, John Money, a researcher who studied psychology, gender, and sex differences throughout the twentieth century, was one of the first people to use the word gender to mean something separate from biological sex outside of the context of grammar. Reimer recounted anger and verbal abuse from Money if he 2013 Sage Publications, Inc. estrogen during adolescence to promote the development of breasts. brother underwent Moneys treatments at preschool and grade school control subject who shared Reimers genetic makeup, intrauterine 46, XY intersex individuals: phenotypic and etiologic classification, knowledge of condition, and satisfaction with knowledge in adulthood, ,JA Rock, HFL Meyer-Bahlburg, JMoney Pediatrics, 2002.
